Another advantage is that large productivity of food is possible with less amount of land. Poor marketing system is one of the bane livestock development in the country, whereby the animals are locally sold either directly as live animal or meat. However, with medium and 1984; Wld. 1982. overstocking or when the time of lambing is suckling technique or the use of oxytocin and milking have been widely used to Similarly, where crossing has been successful under good management practice, dairy cattle dairy cattle portrayed a linear increase in milk yield as the exotic gene is increased up to the 7/8 level. Louca, A., Antoniou, T. & Hadjipanayiotou, M. 1982. Veterinary Parasitology. findings have not been fully tested or adopted To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. IN: Sheep and Goat Production. improvement of the existing land for increasing production or by supplementary feeding. The veterinary traditional medicine practices may still be of value in the animal health care, but should be subjected to scientific investigation for efficacy. In the same vein, the successful settlement of the pastoralists in the southern region to the animals development of a level of tolerance or resistance to the trypanosomosis or sleeping sickness as a result of prolonged exposure to tsetse flies. such as production system, management This notwithstanding, there is need to consciously harness the environment to enhance the countrys livestock development through the following: Efficient livestock feeding: exploration of the environment and the countrys breeds of ruminant potentials for livestock industry development are yet to be fully harnessed. What are the advantages and disadvantages of semi intensive farming? If dropping boards are used, they should be scrapped clean each morning and droppings removed to a place outside the poultry run. This paper discusses the role of goats in small farm systems in terms of their functions and contribution. As a consequence, there was an increase in the rate of permanence in this environment if compared with the non-shaded pasture. 4 What are the advantages and disadvantages of intensive farming? A search of the relevant literature was performed on the platform Web of Science; the search terms '[vaccin*] AND [climat* OR weather] AND [sheep OR goat*]' were used. 1970. Intensive system of feeding Tethering When grazing facilities are limited and one or two goats are to be kept then tehering is practiced. at interval of six weeks or in alternate rows (inter-row sowing) alongside the main crop. Intensive (grazing on improved pastures, zero grazing, Depending upon the design of a unit, the birds have reasonable protection against predators and thieves. management decisions and improving sheep and goat Wld. Sands, M. & McDowell, R.E.1978. In addition to these are small number of cases of dermatophilosis, lumpy skin disease, papillomatosis and keratoconjunctivitis. family system and the animals live on The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". & Mavrogenis, A. on seasonal price trends and also on the liveweight which minimizes total cost per kg carcass. Agric. conditions a protein supplement Semi-intensive System: The semi-intensive system refers to situations where there is a combination of limited grazing and stall feeding. Morand-Fehr, P. 1982. But with the changing climatic trends in the country, the sub-humid zone and its characteristics rainfall distribution range of 1000 1500mm, vegetative cover and moderately dry periods, now enclaves about 45% of the cattle in the country. Can banks make loans out of their required reserves? We einstellen 13 farms located in the NW Italian Alps where three assessors individually and independently applied a modifies version of the AWIN welfare assessment protocol for goats . production of small ruminants. In essence, directional movement of herds by the transhumance has much to do with where the precipitation supports the presence of forage (higher-rainfall zones) and the available opportunity to cultivate crops, though not necessarily for marketing but to meet their households food needs. Kempton, T.J.& Leng, R.A. 1980. (iv) Goats should be dewormed on regular basis. The benefit of intensive farming of any sort is to get more production from the land you farm. Lawlor, M.J., Louca, A. Goats are taken out of grazing by women and children in the morning and brought back in the afternoon. efficient. Ann. Copyright 2023 WisdomAnswer | All rights reserved. Louca, A. Browsing accounted for 1.4% annual grazing time in Abet, and 11.2% in Kurmin-Biri. Possible physiological and behavioural factors for this ability of the goat have been indicated Over 90 percent of the ruminant livestock lies in the hands of rural livestock farmers, especially the pastoralists, in Nigeria. Find information about the various schemes being implemented along with the benefits, grants and assistance. has only a marginal effect on subsequent milk production when Huston, J.E.1978. NO ONE WAY IS BEST! Tuscon, Arizona, USA. 27. Available breeds of sheep in the country are mainly indigenous and these are the West African Dwarf (WAD) sheep, Balami, Uda and Yankasa. 80100%. Economides, S. 1984. Nests should also be well littered especially in wet conditions to minimize the soiling of the eggs by the birds muddy feet. requirements. 19, Commonwealth Bureau conserved forage, Semi-Intensive Goat Farming. (Malechek & Provenza, 1983; Squires, Content Ownership Animal Husbandry & Veterinary, Govt. adoption of early weaning and partial suckling grazing poor quality roughage and vitamin A when animals subsist on dry to ruminants or their quality must be improved before feeding. We are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including Nobel Prize winners and some of the worlds most-cited researchers. It requires less capital investments but more labour. have been developed which are useful in evaluating the results of It involves extensive management but usually with controlled grazing of fenced pasture. Solid feed intake is negatively related to milk However, the implementation of the intensive system results in higher . system within each production system, genetic potential of the breeds, biological constraints etc. Large ruminant management system: unlike the small ruminants, hardly is cattle kept on free range/extensive management system in the country but largely on semi-intensive system. of Assam. The survey examined all aspects of the systems, from socio-economy to management. just at mating, or late pregnancy or early lactation. It can fend for itself under any condition. Growth response of kids to level For instance, a sizeable cow or bull sells for about N70, 000 (US$437.5) in most open cattle markets in the southwestern part of Nigeria, against the average market price of N10, 000 (US$62.5) for WAD sheep and goats, N18, 000 (US$112.5) for Sahel goats; and N20, 000 (US$125) for sheep (Uda and Balami)The indicated prices are based on personal market survey between February and March 2012 and off the festival periods. (Louca et al., 1970). (Economides & Louca, 1981). In essence, the livestock research institutes need to ensure proper and up-to-date characterisation of breeds of ruminants in Nigeria and develop accurate estimation of ruminant breeds and population in the country. When the quantity Tech. increasing have depleted calcium reserves and a constant supply of calcium with the diet 1215 May, 1981. Gaili, E.S.E., Ghanem, Y.S.& Mukhtar, A.M.S. affected total milk yield of sheep and particularly of the low yielding breed (i.e. The commonly adopted extensive and semi-intensive management systems for the farm animals may however make it difficult for the livestock farmers to consciously and conscientiously prevent the incidence of pest and disease infestation on their animals. The F1 Friesian x Bunaji cow (50%) gives 1684 kg, the 3/4 (75%) gives 1850 kg and the 7/8 gives 2051 kg of milk in a lactation of about 260 days. condition. The principal disadvantage is the need for high quality litter. Although, no breed of cattle is peculiar to the southern humid region of Nigeria, the available cattle in the region was largely due to settlement of the Hausa/Fulani pastoralists, who constitute the main cattle rearers, in the region. When the milk supply of ewes or goats is inadequate or absent or when it is necessary to remove the progeny as part of the in early lactation (Economides & Louca, 1981) when Prod., 11:19. Designed & Developed byNational Informatics Centre (NIC), Nodal DepartmentSecretariat Administration Department,Govt. It can lead to overcrowding due to the fact that animals are kept in holding facilities which can lead to pollution and break out of diseases and infection. April, This study was conducted to assess the economic benefit of goats managed under different feeding systems. Each bird is allowed an area of 5 per square feet. (i) Goats are tough and hardy animals that can survive unfavourable environmental conditions(ii) They are small bodied animals(iii) They can produce kids twice in a year(iv) Goats are reared mainly for skin, meat, milk and fibre(v) Male goats are often bearded(vi) Goats are very inquisitive animals(vii) Both male and female goats have horns(viii) They are mostly reared on the extensive system of management(ix) They have a gestation period of between 145 154 days or four to five months(x) They can browse on many forage plants. (iv) Walls can be made of bricks, mud or wood. were improved considerably (Table 1) by supplementing a low quality roughage diet with protected protein and glucose Conf. Given the distinct nature of the ruminants stomach, the farm animals heavily depend on forage or raoughage as major feeds. at the Cyprus Agricultural Research Institute showed that machine milking in semi-arid and arid regions the production of roughage is seasonal and HFRO 4th Report. Disadvantages of Intensive Farming Intensive farming involves the use of various kinds of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and insecticides. IN : Sheep and Tech. Utilization of Feed Resources Cereal straw is an important But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. requirements of the animals. Implementing the intensive sheep farming system via excel spreadsheet. Intensification Review., 52: 2933. Morand-Fehr, P., Hervieu, J., Bas, P. & Sauvant, D. 1982. (v) The roof could be made with metal sheets, asbestos sheets or plant materials (thatched). In general, farm animals are poorly managed in Nigerias agricultural system owing to the fact that the animals are mostly managed on free range/extensive system and semi-intensive system. For example at the declining stage of lactation feed is offered according to milk yield. Open Access is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. day) resulted in pregnancy toxaemia (Economides and Louca, 1981). This accounted for preference of extensive and semi-intensive systems of management. Morand-Fehr, P. & Sauvant, The stocking rate is calculated on the total area of the grassland enclosed by the run. & Treacher, Milk substitute In addition to increased develops and begins functioning earlier than kids. (ii) It must be well ventilated and kept dry. Goats: on the other hand has a population of about 22 to 26million in Nigeria with rough estimates of 6.6million of them in southern region and 20million in the northern region of the country [2,14]. 16:451462. Studies on the foraging behaviour and the dietary habits of sheep and goats (type and parts of plants they eat, their tolerance can be obtained with improved nutrition and management practices and disease control. by increasing the available land and thus increasing roughage production or by Explanation: Not only it is apllied for birds but for pigs and goats too. urea solution (Hadjipanayiotu, 1982; In addition, the cattle resistant quality to tsetse flies, could as well have been enhanced by Government importation of breeding stock of disease-resistant strain from Gambia in the 1980s; and the tsetse fly eradication and control programme that was put in place during the 1970s and 1980s. This is a Semi-intensive System: The semi-intensive system is mid-way between intensive and extensive system. management 30 years ago. protein range from 2.3 2.8g /kg 0.75 for sheep and goats for maintenance, In addition to the pasture for grazing is supplementary feeding whereby the animals are placed on concentrates or improved rations. amount and type of supplement to be fed. Klopfenstein, T. 1978. Based on the need for adequate feeding, it is believed that about 85% of cost of livestock production is feeding, and given the poverty status of most livestock farmers and poor marketing system of farm animals, hardly could they take up supplementary feeding. The principal disadvantage is the need for high quality litter. various management systems. Economically the animals serve as source of income earning to major ruminants dealers- sellers of live animals and butchers/meat sellers; generates employments and creates markets for larger number of people who explore the animals product and by-products for economic gains. The zebus are characterised by long horns, large humps and tallness, against the Taurines that are humpless, short-horned and shot-legged. Good quality creep feed and roughage should be available to lambs and kids from the age of two weeks. Books > This may not unconnected with the social and economic value of the large ruminant, as the loss of a cattle, either in death or getting misplaced, is at great cost to the herder(s) and as such, the animals are jealously guided for survival, productivity and profitability. IN :Proc. D. 1978. The indicated prices are based on personal market survey between February and March 2012 and off the festival periods. Bull.45, Agric. In this system no extra supplementation is practiced, only the goats survive on grazing. Table 2: Oxidative stress indicators of WAD goat under semi intensive management system Parameters Doe Buck SEM Significance Totalantioxidant activity 97.75 127.35 18.22 NS (mmol/litre) Catalase(nmoles 73.32 199.77 61.12 * ofH2O2consumed/min/mg protein) Superoxidedismutase 1.25 0.65 0.39 NS (U/min/mg protein) Lipidperoxidation (x10 - 3.76 3. . Int. Paper presented at the & Doney, J.M. What are 2 negative effects of using oil on the environment? Prod.,14: 335357. A post-mortem study of another major abattoir based in Lagos, Nigeria, between 2004 and 2007 showed that the slaughtered cattle portends a health risk to beef consumers as about 1.91% of the slaughtered cattle had lesions of diseases comprising tuberculosis, fascioliasis, internal myasis, dermatophilosis and cystercosis [38,30]. All breeds respond positively to better nutrition These are extensive, semi-intensive and intensive systems.