PLoS ONE 2011; 6: e16073. Gurdeep Matharu Lall, Maarten H. D. Larmuseau, Mark A. Jobling, Sandra Oliveira, Alexander Hbner, Jorge Rocha, Daniel E. Platt, Hovig Artinian, Pierre Zalloua, Mugdha Singh, Anujit Sarkar & Madhusudan R. Nandineni, Hovhannes Sahakyan, Ashot Margaryan, Richard Villems, Enrico Macholdt, Leonardo Arias, Mark Stoneking, Kenneth K. Kidd, Baigalmaa Evsanaa, Andrew J. Pakstis, Veronika Csky, Dniel Gerber, Anna Szcsnyi-Nagy, European Journal of Human Genetics The exact position of V43 and V95 within these three subclades and E1b1a1a1b (M116.2), E1b1a1a1c (M149), and E1b1a1a1d (M155) E1b1a1 is defined by markers DYS271/M2/SY81, M291, P1/PN1, P189, P293, V43, and V95. The basal subclade is quite regularly observed in M2+ samples. Nowadays, the highest genetic diversity of haplogroup E1b1b is observed in Northeast Africa, especially in Ethiopia and Somalia, which also have the monopoly of older and rarer branches like M281, V6 or V92. The distribution of haplogroup E1b1a8a1* defined by U290 in the absence of U181 with a TMRCA of 14131725 YBP is similar to that of E1b1a8 and may be interpreted in the same way. [13][14], Hawass et al. In Anatolia, E-V13 is found mostly in the western third of the country, the region that used to belong to ancient Greece. The haplogroup E1b1a-M2 (and its sub-lineages) is widely spread in Africa and highly prevalent in all Bantu sub-Saharan populations, with frequencies above 80% in most populations 39, 40,46,47 .. More research is needed. The first would be the Bronze Age Italic tribes from Central Europe, who in all logic would have possessed at least some E-V13 lineages before they invaded the Italian peninsula. Outside Europe, E1b1b is found at high frequencies in Morocco (over 80%), Somalia (80%), Ethiopia (40% to 80%), Tunisia (70%), Algeria (60%), Egypt (40%), Jordan (25%), Palestine (20%), and Lebanon (17.5%). The Moors also conquered Sicily. Google Scholar. [28][27] The ancestral sickle cell haplotype to modern haplotypes (e.g., Cameroon/Central African Republic and Benin/Senegal haplotypes) may have first arose in the ancestors of modern West Africans, bearing haplogroups E1b1a1-L485 and E1b1a1-U175 or their ancestral haplogroup E1b1a1-M4732. Haplogroup E1b1a is an ancient brother to E1b1b, but has left a completely different fingerprint on the world today. Haplogroup E-M2, also known as E1b1a1-M2, is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. This origin is in line with the origins of the ancient Israelite people, from whom Jews are traditionally believed to descend from, and whose homeland was the ancient Kingdom of Israel now the modern day State of Israel, located in the Levant. The material culture of the Late Chalcolithic period in the southern Levant (4500-3900/3800 BCE) is qualitatively distinct from previous and subsequent periods. [16], At Deloraine Farm, in Nakuru County, Kenya, an iron metallurgist of the Iron Age carried haplogroups E1b1a1a1a1a/E-M58 and L5b1. E-M81 is found at an average frequency of 45% in the Maghreb and Libya, with peaks at over 60% in Tunisia as well as central and southern Morocco. Castri L, Tofanelli S, Garagnani P et al. Kayser M, Caglia A, Corach D et al. Internet Explorer). See also : Southern Neolithic route brought Megaliths from the Levant to Western Europe. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, European Journal of Human Genetics (Eur J Hum Genet) Table 2 contains the six-STR haplotype gene diversities for E1b1a component haplogroups present in all three West, West-Central and East-Central regions. Iranic tribes, La Tne Celts, Romans, Goths, Slavs). The Scottish Clan Colquhoun/Calhoun from Dunbartonshire belongs to the clade E-V13 > BY3880 > Y16729 > Y16721 > Y16733 according to the Calhoun Surname Project. [19] Human leukocyte antigen alleles further confirm that the individuals were of Sub-Saharan African origin. Distribution of haplogroup E1b1b in Europe, the Near East and North Africa. The discovery of two SNPs (V38 and V100) by Trombetta et al. The box identifies the E1b1a clade, exclusively observed in population groups with recent African ancestry. According to the DNA results of a relative, Google co-founder Larry Page (b. Newman JL : The Peopling of Africa: A Geographic Interpretation. E-M34 is the main Middle Eastern variety of E1b1b and is thought to have arrived with the Proto-Semitic people in the Late Copper to Early Bronze Age. E1b1b used to be E3b, but always is E-M215 or E-M35. Eur J Hum Genet 21, 423429 (2013). This era, which ended in a large-scale civilization collapse across this region ( Cline, 2014 ), shaped later periods both demographically and culturally. People and Disease. [25] Jode was of Sub-Saharan African ancestry and carried haplogroups E1b1a-CTS4975 and L2a1a2c. Am J Hum Genet 2002; 70: 11971214. (2007) suggests that E-M78, E1b1b predominant subclade in Egypt, originated in "Northeastern Africa", with a corridor for bidirectional migrations between northeastern and eastern Africa (at least 2 episodes between 23.9-17.3 ky and 18.0-5.9 ky ago), trans-Mediterranean migrations directly from northern Africa to Europe (mainly in E1b1a1a1 is commonly defined by M180/P88. Outside North Africa, M81 is far more frequent in parts of Iberia than anywhere else in Europe or the Near East. Thank you for visiting nature.com. 1923 - pictured), who won two Academy Awards for Gandhi in 1983. Due to the scarcity of full genomic sequences available from the Balkans, it is not yet clear when E-V13 expanded in that region. Beleza S, Gusmao L, Amorim A et al. Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA variation in Africa: evidence for sex-biased demographic processes. Consequently, the haplogroup is often observed in the United States populations in men who self-identify as African Americans. Haplogroup E-V68, also known as E1b1b1a, is a major human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup found in North Africa, the Horn of Africa, Western Asia and Europe.It is a subclade of the larger and older haplogroup, known as E1b1b or E-M215 (also roughly equivalent to E-M35). Personally, I can't remember any study who detected E1b1a in that region during the BA or among the Natufians. Haplotype diversity, h, and its SE were estimated from unbiased formulae of Nei41 and was performed using Arlequin software version 3.0.42 Average squared difference (ASD) in STR allele size between all chromosomes and the presumed ancestral haplotype (assumed to be the modal haplotype), averaged over loci, were estimated using YTIME software,43 and corresponding 95% confidence intervals were calculated as described in Thomas et al44 using the R environment of statistical computing (www.R-project.org). The early development of agriculture triggered significant population growth, resulting in the expansion of early farming populations, along with the spread of language families in many parts of the world, including Africa.1 The many advantages of agricultural subsistence over foraging is a likely contributing factor to the rapid expansion of agriculturists and their languages during the holocene.2 A well-known example of this phenomenon in Africa is the expansion of the Bantu-speaking people (EBSP), which is thought, on the basis of linguistic evidence, to have started around 5000 years ago3 in the region on the border between modern day eastern Nigeria and Cameroon.4 It is widely accepted that there was an early split into eastern and western routes in which farmers first expanded east and also, within 1500 years, reached West-Central Africa. Mol Biol Evol 2009; 26: 15811589. and JavaScript. If E-V13 was found among both groups, it would have needed to be either assimilated in the Pontic Steppe or very near from it (say, in the Cucuteni-Trypillian culture, around western Ukraine, Moldova and Romania), or at the junction between the two groups in central Europe (e.g. Abingdon: Garland Science, 2004. Rare deep-rooting Y chromosome lineages in humans: lessons for phylogeography. That would mean that the M81 lineage only started to expand in Roman times, and continued to diffuse within all the borders of the Roman Republic/Empire - not just North Africa, but also Iberia, France, Italy, Greece, Turkey and the Levant. Each of these two lineages has a peculiar geographic distribution. Nowadays E-V13 is the only Mediterranean haplogroup consistently found throughout Europe, even in Norway, Sweden, Finland and Baltic countries, which are conspicuous by the absence of other Neolithic haplogroups like G2a (bar the Indo-European G2a-Z1815), J1 and T (except in Estonia). What is even more surprising is that these subclades do not show any consistent geographic pattern. Underhill PA, Shen P, Lin AA et al. Attempts were made to identify genetic relationships among EBSP groups in the context of Africa as a whole10, 11 (also see Supplementary Figure S112). The African diaspora: mitochondrial DNA and the Atlantic slave trade. the migration of a small group of settlers carrying among whom one paternal lineage was much more common than any others. He belonged to the subclade E-M34. One of his patrilineal descendants was identified as a member of haplogroup E-V13 > Z17107. The original Phoenician M81 in the Levant could also have diffused across the Eastern Mediterranean over the centuries, during the Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman periods. like the Levant or the southern Arabian Peninsula could have served as an incubator for the early diversification of non-African uniparental haplogroup varieties like Y chromosome DE-YAP*, CF-P143* and mtDNA M and N . F1382 appears to have expanded during the Iron Age from the Levant to the Arabian peninsula, where it is almost exclusively found today. E-M2 is primarily distributed within sub-Saharan Africa. (2005) and Rosa et al. (2018) tested the ancient DNA from 6th century Italy and Hungary and identified one E-V13 in Collegno (Turin) who was autosomally fully Italian (not a Lombard immigrant like many other samples tested). As a consequence it is consistent with a late, rapid expansion from south of the Grassfields of Cameroon that did not include expansion along the earlier western route. The remains of the great Italian Baroque painter Caravaggio (1571-1610) were excavated to confirm the circumstances of his mysterious death at the age of 38. Almost immediately afterwards, CTS5856 split into six subclades, then branched off into even more subclades in the space of a few generations. even though his parent clade is not and brother E-M215 is not. The phylogeography of Y chromosome binary haplotypes and the origins of modern human populations. Nowadays E-M81 is the dominant paternal lineage among Northwest Africans, and particularly Tuaregs, Mountain Moroccans, Tunisians and Libyans. Alexander's conquest of the Middle East would have taken Greek male lineages much further afield, perhaps as far as Afghanistan and Pakistan, although only at trace frequencies. M81 would first have spread with the Carthaginian elite, then once they were defeated by the Romans and annexed to the empire, their descendants would have been free to migrate to various parts of the empire from North Africa, Sicily, Sardinia and Iberia, some eventually reaching France and Britain. Google Scholar. The basal E-U175* is extremely rare. This theory has it that E1b1b people were associated with the development of Neolithic lifestyle and the advent of agriculture in the Fertile Crescent and its earliest diffusion to Southeast Europe (Thessalian Neolithic) and Mediterranean Europe (Cardium Pottery culture). The increase in the rate of identification of slowly mutating NRY binary markers (ie, unique event polymorphisms (UEPs))21, 22, 23 has resulted in many studies designed to investigate the paternally mediated genetic relationships of sub-Saharan African populations. M81 has two immediate subclades A5604 and M183 (aka PF2477 or PF2546). Coelho M, Sequeira F, Luiselli D, Beleza S, Rocha J : On the edge of Bantu expansions: mtDNA, Y chromosome and lactase persistence genetic variation in southwestern Angola. 1926), an English broadcaster and naturalist at the BBC explained in the Tree of Life how the Attenboroughs belonged to haplogroup E1b1b1. The American actor and producer Nicolas Cage (born 1964),has been found to belong to haplogroup E1b1b-M84. Am J Phys Anthropol 2009; 140: 302311. Int J Legal Med 1997; 110: 125129. [25] Pita was of Sub-Saharan African ancestry and carried haplogroups E1b1a-M4287 and L3e2b. From this subclade, all the major subclades (i.e. Frequencies of over 75% have been reported among the Tuaregs of Burkina Faso and Mali. The TMRCA for each haplogroup-defining UEP (with at least 20 chromosomes) is presented in Table 3 along with regions and countries within which each haplogroup was observed. Therefore both hypotheses are plausible. [c] E-M329 is mostly found in East Africa. This is a remarkably fast expansion that would have required a male line of considerable wealth and influence within the Roman Republic/Empire, and therefore probably a family of rich patricians or even a Roman emperor, not necessarily of Roman descent himself. Visual representation of the distribution of E1b1a component haplogroups in sub-Saharan African groups with sample totals. Indeed the distribution pattern and frequency of M81 matches much better the Phoenician maritime empire, with its origins in the Levant, and its dispersal along the cost of North Africa, but also Iberia, Sardinia and Sicily. Cruciani et al. The M81 clade is defined by 150 other mutations beside M81 itself. (2018) tested the DNA of seven 15,000-year-old modern humans from Taforalt Cave in northeastern Morocco, and all of the six males belonged to haplogroup E-M78. The genetic legacy of western Bantu migrations. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Meilerman MB, Underhill PA, Zegura SL, Hammer MF : New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree. Migrations within the Roman Empire probably played a role, although a minor one, in the redistribution of E1b1b in Europe. CAS The Bronze Age (ca. The biggest genetic impact of the Romans/Italians outside of Italy appears to have been in Gaul (modern France, Belgium, southern Germany and Switzerland), probably because this was the closest region to Italy using the well-developed Roman road network (actually inherited from the Gauls themselves). He is best remembered for being a strong defender of slavery. Nevertheless, many lineages now found among the Ethiopians and Somalians appear to have come from the Fertile Crescent during the Neolithic period. Sectors in pie charts are coloured according to the haplogroup colour code to the left. Brief thoughts on the likelihood of finding samples of E1b1a in the Levant._____SOURCES:[0:46] The relevant FaceBook thread:https://www.facebook.com/gr. The clade has been found at low frequencies in West Asia. 12-05-14, 06:53 #2. bicicleur. PubMed Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74: 454465. The frequency of E subclades has varied geographically over time due to founder effects in Neolithic, Bronze Age and Iron Age populations, i.e. Thomas MG, Parfitt T, Weiss DA et al. e1b1a is Bantu? The earliest known prehistoric sample to date is an E-V13 from Catalonia dating from 5000 BCE. Trombetta B, Cruciani F, Sellitto D, Scozzari R : A new topology of the human Y chromosome haplogroup E1b1 (E-P2) revealed through the use of newly characterized binary polymorphisms. Montano V, Ferri G, Marcari V et al. E1b1a2 E1b1a2 is defined by the SNP mutation M329. So I was wondering if such a marker has anything to do with the Natufian Neolithic culture of the Levant as some of the skulls associated with this particular culture have been described as Sub-Saharan-like. Pereira L, Gusmao L, Alves C et al. His brother is the producer, director and actor Richard Attenborough (b. de Filippo C, Barbieri C, Whitten M et al. If the estimate of 2,100 years is correct, that would correspond approximately to the time when the Romans defeated the Carthaginians in what is now Tunisia. Lyndon B. Johnson (1908-1973), the 36th President of the United States, was identified as a member of haplogroup E1b1b1 through the Johnson/Johnston/Johnstone DNA Surname Project. Analysis of diversity and rough estimates of times to the most recent common ancestors of haplogroups provide evidence of multiple expansions along eastern and western routes and a late, exclusively eastern route, expansion. Holden CJ : Bantu language trees reflect the spread of farming across sub-Saharan Africa: a maximum-parsimony analysis. However, since G2a is the only lineage that was consistently found in all Neolithic sites tested to date in Europe, the absence of Neolithic G2a lineages from Scandinavia and the Baltic implies that no Neolithic lineage survives there, and consequently E-V13 does not date from the Neolithic in the region. Our analysis of NRY from groups over a wide geographic area is consistent with both these conclusions. Where collections from a particular group were made in more than one location, locations are represented by averages of geographic coordinates. E1b1b's gradient in the maps shows in Levant its 24% in Palestine, 17% Lebanon, 14% Syria, 10% Turkey so it should have been say 4% in extreme southern . remains uncertain. Ann Hum Genet 2002; 66: 369378. The absence of E-V13 from Central Anatolia does not concord with a diffusion linked to Neolithic agriculture. This is consistent with the analysis of de Filippo et al,31 which is also supportive of a rapid expansion. [13][14], At Xaro, in Botswana, there were two individuals, dated to the Early Iron Age (1400 BP); one carried haplogroups E1b1a1a1c1a and L3e1a2, and another carried haplogroups E1b1b1b2b (E-M293, E-CTS10880) and L0k1a2. This, we hypothesise, may shed light on routes taken during their expansion. That ancestor would have lived about 4,100 years ago, during the Bronze Age. to suggest that E-M2 may have originated in East Africa. Underhill PA, Jin L, Lin AA et al. E1B1B1 is of Levant origin, E1B1A is East African. These lineages continued to expand around the Middle East, Greece and Italy during the Bronze Age. As a Germanic tribe they might have carried a small percentage of E-V13. E-V13 has been found as far away as central Siberia, near the Altai, a region also known to have been settled by Bronze Age Indo-Europeans. peoples). E1b1a is also known as E-M2 and E1b1b is also know as E-M215 or as E-M35. [33] In other words, as one moves to West Africa from western Central Africa, the less subclade E1b1a1f is found. We define expansion in this context to mean diffusion of alleles. Y6923 also emerged around 3500 BCE, but became almost extinct. A combination of UEPs and STRs in the paternally inherited NRY was typed in eight Congolese groups (n=591). However, Razib Khan in this podcast says that E1b1a was pretty common among ancient Levantines. The French footballer of Algerian origin Zinedine Zidane (born 1972), is a member of haplogroup E1b1b (M81) according to his brother's DNA test. The haplogroup E1b1a8, defined by U175, has a TMRCA of only 18632163 YBP but a geographic distribution, excepting the Anuak of Ethiopia, which is equally extensive as that of E1b1a7. If that is the case, E-M78 or E-M123 could have come to southern Europe through North African cattle herders during the Neolithic, although this hypothesis remains purely conjectural. E-M2 is a diverse haplogroup with many branches. The first colonists were Phoenicians, who came from present-day Lebanon and the Tartus province of Syria. (E1b1a) and E-M215 (E1b1b), with V38/V100 joining the two previously separated lineages E-M2 (former E1b1a) and E-M329 (former E1b1c). (2021) indicates that Ramesses III and Unknown Man E, possibly Pentawere, carried haplogroup E1b1a. Zidane was named the best European footballer of the past 50 years in the UEFA Golden Jubilee Poll. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade brought people to North America, Central America and South America including the Caribbean. [69], The supposed "Bantu haplotype" found in E-U175 carriers is "present at appreciable frequencies in other NigerCongo languages speaking peoples as far west as Guinea-Bissau".