The Police and Fire-Rescue departments work together within our communities to provide the highest level of quality service and protection. The coding process for open text responses to the question Why is this place important for you? was carried out and verified by three researchers into place-based values, where each answer was assigned to a category and categories were added to the list until data saturation was reached. These smaller types of blue elements are usually located in parks and other open spaces within the urban tissue and might serve as everyday recreation areas. By entering the survey, they gave informed consent. Dean, A.J. City of Warsaw Water & Sewer Department 303 East Main Street Monday through Friday 8am -5pm 859-567-5900 WATER & SEWER DEPARTMENT Superintendent: Maintenance: Jerry Hutchinson Chris Wilhoite Mike Greene Anthony Bickers Kevin Jones Eric Moore 2021 Water Quality Report Scrublands, meadows, and urban streets or squares do not show any relationship with distances. World Health Organization. Distance from home was not significantly correlated with any waterbody type in the cases of Tartu and Plymouth, while in Tallinn and Barcelona, some correlations were significant. Copyright 2023 City of Warsaw. Disclaimer/Publishers Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely Communities that borrow from the fund benefit from the below-market interest rate and project management assistance provided throughout their project. Warsaw Municipal Pool is open from May 29th through August 25th. In. Additionally, the relationship between distance and place-based values described by respondents was studied. Please let us know what you think of our products and services. In the case of blue space parameters (facilities level, water access, and land access), the significant correlations were mainly negative except for Warsaw, where a higher level of water access and provision of facilities was associated with larger distances. We used a public participatory geographic information system approach (PPGIS) to collect data about residents favourite blue spaces in each city and categorize the most popular of these according to whether they were close to or distant from respondents homes. The data was collected by volunteer sampling and advertising the geo-questionnaire through social media and the websites of local municipalities and other local organizations. Laatikainen, T.; Tenkanen, H.; Kytt, M.; Toivonen, T. Comparing Conventional and PPGIS Approaches in Measuring Equality of Access to Urban Aquatic Environments. To guide the District in the Conservation and management of soil, water, cropland, grazing lands, weeds, energy and small acreages by providing leadership in conservation planning, technical assistance, educational resources, and management tolls and inventories. To report a correction or typo, please email digitalnews@ky3.com, DNR awards $3.25 million to city of Warsaw, Mo. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15097392, Wilczyska A, Niin G, Vassiljev P, Myszka I, Bell S. Perceptions and Patterns of Use of Blue Spaces in Selected European Cities: Tartu, Tallinn, Barcelona, Warsaw and Plymouth. City of Warsaw, IL. Safety Service Director Max Crown said it's hoped the work will be done by the Apple Butter Stirrin' Festival in October. and P.V. ; Fleming, L.E. BlueHealth: A Study Programme Protocol for Mapping and Quantifying the Potential Benefits to Public Health and Well-Being from Europes Blue Spaces. Correlations with distance from home and blue space type by land cover and land use revealed a variety of results. As part of . ; Lhmus, M.; et al. Please use the links below to pay your bills with the Town of Warsaw: Utility Bills. Our research questions, therefore, are as follows: What are the most popular blue spaces among residents of the different case study cities, and what typifies the range of favourite blue spaces in each of the cases according to blue space and water element type? The project includes replacing aged water lines throughout the city with new pipes, fittings, valves, service connections, and meters. The Wastewater Payment Office bills nearly 6,000 residential and commercial customers monthly, and collects over $7 million annually in wastewater payments. Supervisors Vic Satchwell, Chair Warsaw residential customers pay a $17.95 conveyance base fee plus $5.80 per 1,000 gallons of usage per month. Vlker, S.; Kistemann, T. The Impact of Blue Space on Human Health and Well-BeingSalutogenetic Health Effects of Inland Surface Waters: A Review. Wojnowska-Heciak, M. Green areas along rivers frontline. Haase, D. Reflections about Blue Ecosystem Services in Cities. City Services Water & Sewer Water & Sewer Annual Drinking Water Quality Report This report is a snapshot of the City's water quality. You authorize regularly scheduled payments to be made from your checking or savings account. Make billing inquiries directly by phone at 910-293-4660. doxo processes payments for all City of Warsaw (NC) services, including Water & Sewer and others. Website by Fresh Look Web Design. methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. The Samuel Project w/ post-film Q & A (804) 333-3737, Garrett Withers - Interim Wastewater Plant Manager This email address is being protected from spambots. ; Alcock, I.; Wheeler, B.W. Commercial payments will be automatically withdrawn from your account on approximately the 10th of each month. future research directions and describes possible research applications. Shoutout to RACHEL at City of Warsaw- Water Department. Looking at the place-based value correlations with the service distance, a larger number of comments on escapism are associated with areas that serve distant visitors, such as Tallinn and Barcelona. In order to answer the second research question, does the distance from home affect the choice of blue spaces to visit? . It involves cleaning used water and sewage so it can be returned safely to our environment. Phone: 574-385-2222 Department Directory & Hours. Giles-Corti, B.; Broomhall, M.H. For information on Warsaw's Wastewater Treatment Plant please call (804) 333-3103. Business Hours: Monday-Friday 7 AM to 3:30 PM, Phone:(660) 438-5522 var addy_textc5e7cb4e6b65539d28841ac6a381d5d4 = 'rwdunaway' + '@' + 'town' + '.' + 'warsaw' + '.' + 'va' + '.' + 'us';document.getElementById('cloakc5e7cb4e6b65539d28841ac6a381d5d4').innerHTML += ''+addy_textc5e7cb4e6b65539d28841ac6a381d5d4+'<\/a>'; The first two were automatically categorized as being close. Copyright Surviving the Holocaust: Joseph Alexander Similarly, in Barcelona, ponds were negatively correlated to distance while the sea was significantly positively correlated, suggesting more distant use scenarios. The Relationship between Access and Quality of Urban Green Space with Population Physical Activity. A larger number of parks are associated with areas that serve local user groups. As the study did not include direct contact with anyone, did not collect personal information, and did not engage with vulnerable people, it was deemed not to require ethical approval. The Town of Warsaw Fiscal Year 2023-24 Operating Budget proposal has been submitted to the Warsaw Board of Commissioners. This allowed us to examine the distances in a more generalized way and also to include cases where a blue space was close to another frequented location (such as work) or when respondents did not want to reveal their approximate home locations but gave open-text comments on the matter instead. Fourthly, the correlation between the distance from home to the favourite blue space and a range of other variables was calculated: age, gender of the respondent, the perceived role of water in the overall experience, place-based value categories, as well as the assessed site-specific parameters (facility level; land access level; water access level; water body type; blue space type by land cover or land use). For more information about nearby parks and conservation areas, visit this page. Pueffel, C.; Haase, D.; Priess, J.A. doxo is a secure all-in-one service to organize all your provider accounts in a single app, enabling reliable payment delivery to thousands of billers. those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). Based on these, an average score ranging between 1 and 5 was calculated for every area. In Plymouth, the residuals for promenades were in agreement with the previous correlation analysis, but in addition, many other land cover types had significant results this time. CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. . Wilczyska, A.; Myszka, I.; Bell, S.; Slapiska, M.; Janatian, N.; Schwerk, A. Council is expected to consider legislation at the next meeting authorizing Crown to sign necessary documents to pursue up to $500,000 in Community Development Block Grant funding with Coshocton County Commissioners for upgrades to the motor control center at the wastewater treatment plant. When things get hectic, just remember the city gives you time and options to make your Utility payment. Please note that many of the page functionalities won't work as expected without javascript enabled. Feature papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. These show a similar variety of favourite blue spaces regardless of visitor travel distance (. A recent focus of urban research has been on urban wastelands as very rich and supportive green infrastructure elements [, Plymouth, with a population of around 260,000, is one of the largest naval ports in the United Kingdom. Eli, an outcast teen, connects with his isolated grandfather Samuel for the first time, and uncovers his surprising past, when he makes his grandpa the subject of an animated art project for school. Payments must be paid by the end of the business day, 4:30 PM on the twentieth (20th.) ; Elliott, L.R. Looking at the correlations from the perspective of waterbody types, it can be noted that ponds were always negatively correlated to distances from home in our data, and in three cases out of five, significantly so. Brown, G.; Kytt, M. Key Issues and Research Priorities for Public Participation GIS (PPGIS): A Synthesis Based on Empirical Research. In Barcelona, there are fewer cases of ponds and rivers and more cases of the sea in distant locations. Easier access to large green spaces has been demonstrated to have a positive influence on higher levels of walking [, Preferences for landscapes have been considered from the perspective of evolutionary theory and the possibilities of humans adapting preferred habitats [, While studying patterns of use of blue spaces, it has been suggested to look more into personal factors such as gender, age, or ephemeral environmental factors such as the weather to assess their impact on health and well-being [. This research was funded by (a) the European Unions Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No. This program will be livestreamed. Finlay, J.; Franke, T.; McKay, H.; Sims-Gould, J. Beaches are always positively correlated with distances, significantly so in three cases (Tallinn, Warsaw, and Barcelona), meaning that beaches, as favourite blue space types, tend to be further away from home. /FAQ.aspx. This distinguishes the way in which blue infrastructure can be planned, designed, and incorporated into the urban landscape when compared with green infrastructure, for which, as noted earlier, there is much more flexibility. For many decades now, urban areas have faced rapid development pressure, often leading to unsustainable and chaotic growth with an impact on both the environmental and social qualities of life. 2020 Water Report (CCR) PFAS Water Fact Sheet; over 200 years of history. The city boundaries are naturally formed by two main rivers, the Bess and the Llobregat, and mountains rising to the west. The following number of valid answers (where at least the location of favourite blue spaces was marked on a map) were collected: Tallinn376; Tartu336; Warsaw454; Plymouth833; and Barcelona488. "Perceptions and Patterns of Use of Blue Spaces in Selected European Cities: Tartu, Tallinn, Barcelona, Warsaw and Plymouth" Sustainability 15, no. Vlker, S.; Kistemann, T. Developing the Urban Blue: Comparative Health Responses to Blue and Green Urban Open Spaces in Germany. The department provides funding opportunities for qualified communities with water quality, wastewater, and drinking water infrastructure needs through its Financial Assistance Center. Compared to the results with distances on a continuous scale, there are many similarities but also some notable differences. It is interesting that in Warsaw, perceptions of values connected to nature were assigned to places closer to home, but since one extraordinary aspect of that city is the extensive, wild green areas in the centre, gives the possibility for escape and restoration closer to home, this is a unique example. Get Warsaw City Building can be contacted at . Tallinn, the capital city with a population of around 440,000 and located on the Baltic Sea, is an example of a primarily coastal urban blue space. All points identified as favourite blue spaces within the area were scored for the distance range based on the distribution among quintiles (if the distance from home was within the first quintile, the score was 1, and if the distance from home was within the last quintile, the score was 5). Before tearing up any paved street or alley in Coshocton, those doing the work must obtain a $50 permit from the city. The total number of responses where it was possible to calculate distance from home to marked favourite blue spaces was: Tallinn347; Tartu326; Warsaw319; Plymouth735; Barcelona482. Coshocton City Council at its last regular meeting approved an ordinance authorizing participating and ratifying prior participation of the city with the Army Corps of Engineers in the design and construction of a waterline extension project to Warsaw. The City of Warsaw Parks and Recreation Department offers several sports leagues throughout the year. There are also potential issues with respondents recall and the truth of self-reported data, which are also common issues with surveys of all kinds. ; project administration: S.B., G.N., A.W. Copyright Mills said he would have an ordinance for council to consider at its next meeting regarding the Coshocton Tree Commission. Relative Influences of Individual, Social Environmental, and Physical Environmental Correlates of Walking. The following supporting information can be downloaded at: conceptualization: G.N., A.W. Payments are due when billings are made. Public Works. 2017-2023 | Town of Warsaw Either they were built on the coast or along the river, and so, unsurprisingly, these tended to be among the most favourite places. April 28, 2023 11:10 AM PT. Public Participation GIS Can Help Assess Multiple Dimensions of Environmental Justice in Urban Green and Blue Space Planning. COSHOCTON The City of Coshocton is moving forward with plans to provide water and water services to the Village of Warsaw. ; et al. ; Olafsson, A.S.; Raymond, C.M. ; Waters, R.D. The most dominant waterbodies in the city do not always stand out in these correlations. Warsaw has several parks in the area for individuals and families to enjoy. It enhances biodiversity [, While studying the environment in the context of the human-nature relationship, it is important to distinguish different types of open spaces [, Some studies suggest that the health and well-being benefits of blue spaces are connected to the proximity of these areas, i.e., how close residents live to them and thus how accessible they are [, Another important aspect associated with the more frequent use of green space is accessibility. 201 W Main If the score was below 1/3 of the possible range, the area was deemed to be serving nearby residents; if the score was above 2/3 of the possible range, the area was deemed to be serving visitors from a distance; and if the score was between 1/3 and 2/3, the area was considered to serve visitors from both near and far. Similarly in Warsaw, the results were more or less repeating the previous analysis except for beaches having no significant differences between distant and close locations anymore and woodlands gaining significant results. In Warsaw, the river was significantly positively correlated to distances, suggesting that among all of the favourite blue spaces, the respondents were indicating the main waterbody was located further away from home. Create a Website Account - Manage notification subscriptions, save form progress and more. We hope you visit us again soon. City of Warsaw 102 S Buffalo Street Warsaw, IN 46580. Fagerholm, N.; Martn-Lpez, B.; Torralba, M.; Oteros-Rozas, E.; Lechner, A.; Bieling, C.; Olafsson, A.; Albert, C.; Raymond, C.; Garcia-Martin, M.; et al. The department is committed to assisting Missouri communities with water and wastewater infrastructure improvement projects. Monday, May 22, 2023 | 6:00 p.m. | Neil Morgan Auditorium, Central Library. New customers are required to contact PeopleService, Inc. to fill out the appropriate paperwork, along with $100 deposit and two forms of identification, before service can begin. The Warsaw of 1880 survives with few changes to the town plan and its buildings. A Feature ; Albin, M.; Bell, S.; Elliott, L.R. Residential payments will be automatically withdrawn from your account on approximately the 22nd of each month. Join us after the screening for a captivating Q&A with one of the writers and accomplished film producer Steve Weinberger, who has made his mark in writing, producing, and distributing films. Pay with your Visa, MasterCard, or Discover credit card or debit card, with Apple Pay, or with your bank account. Vert, C.; Carrasco-Turigas, G.; Zijlema, W.; Espinosa, A.; Cano-Riu, L.; Elliott, L.R. [. Are there differences in visiting distance and preference among gender and age groups? Mills said he recently met with an aide from Brown's office and took him to Warsaw to see project elements. Urban blue infrastructure is an important component of the urban landscape for ecological, economic, social, and cultural reasons. ; writingoriginal draught preparation: A.W., S.B., I.M. These limitations also affect the possibilities for statistical analysis, especially the use of inferential statistics as part of the explore, explain, predict model within PPGIS. The questionnaire in each country was carried out in the local languages and was also available in an English version. For more information, please call (804) 333-3737. In Warsaw, the significant negative correlation hints that more comments are made about nature in areas that are close to home, and the positive correlation for activities suggests these are associated more with places visited from greater distances. One is the Bess River Park, which covers 115 hectares. It has numerous green spaces, several large parks, and extensive natural surroundings such as meadows and forests, as well as historical parks. Associations between Green/Blue Spaces and Mental Health across 18 Countries. From neighborhoods and parks to streets and parking, find what you need in your community and report your concerns. Dietz, M.E. The funding for the project consists of a $2 million Drinking Water State Revolving Fund grant and a nearly $1.25 million loan from the same fund. City of San Diego. Some studies suggest that proximity to blue spaces is connected to better health and well-being [. Promenades are associated with areas that serve local residents in Plymouth. Moreover, with the forecast that 60% of the global population will be living in cities by 2030 and that the number of so-called mega cities will substantially increase [, With 91,000 km of coastline, Europe is inextricably linked to a diverse range of marine environments, including the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the Irish Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, the Black Sea, and the Baltic Sea, as well as numerous rivers and lakes. Thank You. ; White, M.P. World Urbanization Prospects: The 2018 Revision (ST/ESA/SER.A/420), A Landscape Architecture Guide to the 17 Sustainable Development Goals, Urban Blue Spaces: Planning and Design for Water, Health and Well-Being, The Experience of Nature: A Psychological Perspective, Types and Characteristics of Urban and Peri-Urban Blue Spaces Having an Impact on Human Mental Health and Wellbeing: A Systematic Review, Eco-Physiographic Study for the Study of Conditions and Directions of Spatial Development of the City of Warsaw, Plymouths Green Space Strategy 20082023, Out-of-the-Box Learning: Digital Escape Rooms as a Metaphor for Breaking Down Barriers in STEM Education, Drivers, Challenges and Outcomes of Environmental Management System Implementation in Public Sector Organizations: A Systematic Review of Empirical Evidence, Periurban StreetscapeVernacular Front Gardens and Their Potential to Provide Ecosystem Services: A Case Study of Warsaw, Poland, Landscape Ecology and Sustainabilitythe Interface between Natural Landscape Values and Society, https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/su15097392/s1, https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/ecosystems/benefits/index_en.htm, https://ec.europa.eu/info/research-and-innovation/research-area/environment/nature-based-solutions_en, https://www.autoportret.pl/artykuly/sciezka-jak-sciezka/, https://bluehealth2020.eu/resources/future-bluehealth-plymouth/, https://www.barcelona.cat/en/coneixbcn/pics/la-llera-del-riu-besos_99400387431.html, https://www.catalunya.com/llobregat-river-park-17-16003-508?language=en, https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/barcelona-using-urban-design-to-improve-urban-health, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, Role of water in overall experience (df4). Warsaw Water Application. Vierikko, K.; Niemel, J. Bottom-up ThinkingIdentifying Socio-Cultural Values of Ecosystem Services in Local BlueGreen Infrastructure Planning in Helsinki, Finland. An after-hours drop box (located in the outside entrance near Buffalo Street) is available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. This program runs mid-March to mid-October (affecting the May - November bills), and it allows homeowners to pay the average of their November to February water consumption (or January to March bills) as a relief from summer sprinkling, watering, filling swimming pools, etc. Once again, a warm welcome to Warsaw. Brger, T.; Campbell, D.; White, M.P. Exploration of the provision of blue spaces in relation to the distance from home, accessibility to these areas, and site-specific characteristics are, therefore, more important for understanding how and what people value about them and why they visitin some places there are beach areas along the sea shore, in others wild spaces along a river, or cliffs and rocks. var path = 'hr' + 'ef' + '='; The legislation also includes specifications for how work is to be done and the posting of safety signs and illumination while the street or curb is broken up or open. How about Water? Check if your spelling is correct, or try removing filters. We aimed to study different patterns and preferences for the use of blue spaces at the city level in a sample of European cities, in particular the impact of distance from residential areas, the role of water, the level of facilities, and the character of spaces in attracting visitors of different demographic characteristics. The datasets were downloaded from each platform into a GIS database and checked for duplicates. Born in 1922, Mr. Alexander lived peacefully in Blonie, Poland until Nazi Germany invaded in 1939. To explore this topic in more detail, we looked at the relationship of distances with water bodies and blue space types. Wastewater treatment is the last line of defense against water pollution. We use cookies on our website to ensure you get the best experience. Hillsdon, M.; Panter, J.; Foster, C.; Jones, A. Apart from the sea, there are two sizeable lakes: lemiste Lake (closed to the public to protect Tallinns water supply) and Harku Lake [. ; writingreview and editing: A.W., S.B. In addition, as a result of the different climates, the use of blue spaces varies a lot, and it is no surprise that the beach in Barcelona is hugely popular as a destination and that distance does not impact its popularity. "Home is where the heart is - and the heart of the Northern Neck is right here at home.". document.getElementById('cloakc5e7cb4e6b65539d28841ac6a381d5d4').innerHTML = ''; Jewish American Heritage Month is an annual celebration of Jewish American achievements and contributions to the United States of America. ; Ngo, H.H. Tallinn and Tartu are the two main cities of Estonia, a country located in the northeastern part of Europe. ; Saeck, E.; Johnston, K.; Beatson, A.; Udy, J.; Maxwell, P. Beyond Proximity: How Subjective Perceptions of Enablers and Constraints Influence Patterns of Blue Space Recreation. Just thought she needed recognized for her AWESOME, AMAZING customer service . Giles-Corti, B.; Donovan, R.J. Access to green and blue spaces and appropriate facilities has been shown to be important for recreation [, The final and fourth research question asked: What is the relation between gender and age groups and the chosen blue space distance from home? PO Box 140 Warsaw, KY 41095. var prefix = 'ma' + 'il' + 'to'; Does Living by the Coast Improve Health and Wellbeing? Perceived Contributions of Multifunctional Landscapes to Human Well-being: Evidence from 13 European Sites. The Water Department enables our community to thrive with clean water done right every time. The spatial pattern of blue spaces is often geographically pre-defined and much less flexible than that of green spaces, giving much less control in terms of planning and design, especially in providing blue spaces within easy reach of residential areas. Around 50% of the European population lives within 50 km of a coastline, and on average, urban dwellers are only 2.5 km from a river, lake, or canal [, Urban Green Infrastructure (UGI) is the concept of natural and semi-natural green spaces within a strategically planned network that have the capacity to deliver a range of benefits [, Well-designed blue and green infrastructure is very important for urban environments. permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. (804) 333-3103. The City of Warsaw is a member of the Missouri One Call System. Outdoor Blue Spaces, Human Health and Well-Being: A Systematic Review of Quantitative Studies. ; Gascon, M.; Roberts, B.; Fleming, L.E. In Warsaw, ponds and lakes no longer have statistically significant differences, while the river is still overrepresented in distant locations and canals are underrepresented. The assessed parameters were not exclusivepolygons often possessed more than one land cover or waterbody type. 1996-2023 MDPI (Basel, Switzerland) unless otherwise stated. Home; Explore. In Plymouth, the age group 3544 was over-represented and the age group 1624 was under-represented in distant locations, while in Barcelona, the age group 5564 was over-represented and the age group 4554 was under-represented. Exploring the Spatial Potential of Neglected or Unmanaged Blue Spaces in the City of Warsaw, Poland. Some of these services include: The Town or Warsaw's Waste Water Treatment Plant is a 300,000 gallon capacity facilitylocated at 780 Wellfords Wharf Road, Warsaw, Va 22572. We followed the overall approach of explore, explain, predict, or model suggested by other authors [. Warsaw, IL 62379. Quick Pay. 0:53. We also categorized the types of blue spaces and the level of facilities present. Located in the heart of one of America's oldest regions, the Town of Warsaw serves as the epicenter of the Northern Neck. The Warsaw Parks and Recreation Department oversees the following entities. WARSAW POLICE DEPARTMENT Chief of Police: JASON JONES Captain Nate Fuson Officer Andy Lubbers Officer Joseph Davis Exploring the . However, the importance of the blue element itself was the second-most mentioned place-based value in the coastal cities and only third or fourth in the river cities. Place-based values associated with favourite blue spaces were not generally associated with either larger or smaller distances, with two exceptions. MDPI and/or Promenades are associated with shorter distances in Plymouth and Barcelona but with larger distances in Warsaw. ; Garrett, J.K.; Hattam, C.; Hynes, S.; Lankia, T.; Taylor, T. The Value of Blue-Space Recreation and Perceived Water Quality across Europe: A Contingent Behaviour Study. Jackie Cushman is switching from full time to part time in that role as of June 1 and council has already approved an assistant income tax administrator position to help in the office. Urban Blue Infrastructure Management in Romania. The city hopes to complete improvements by August of 2023. It has several protected green and blue spaces, of which most heritage areas are parks around the old town and nature-protected areas such as Natura 2000 sites in the surroundings. In all of these cities, the distant locations had significantly fewer high provision scores if previous correlations were negative and significantly more high provision scores if previous correlations were positive. It is located in Devon on the south coast of England, fronting the English Channel. How do I pay a parking ticket? Warsaw Water & Sewer City property taxes and business licenses, payroll and insurance tax positive feedback from the reviewers. COSHOCTON The City of Coshocton is moving forward with plans to provide water and water services to the Village of Warsaw. If paying your water/sewer bill online please use the above button. Nature Lovers; Local Pubs; Camping & Boating; Parks; Stay; Dine; History; Similarly, for waterbody types, there are some differences compared to previous correlations, but none of the results has changed the direction of the relationship.