Doore, S. M. & Fane, B. 84, 117 (2018). The possibility that some of these small genes provide no selective benefit to the phage that carries them cannot be ruled out, but their generally orderly arrangement on the genome, with good translation start sequences argues against their being disorganized junk DNA. eLife 4, 120 (2015). Ackermann, H.-W. Bacteriophage electron microscopy. T phages - Oxford Reference Struct. Clark AJ, Inwood W, Cloutier T, Dhillon TS. Nat. Sci. Martinez-Hernandez, F. et al. Extreme dimensions how big (or small) can tailed 8, 112 (2017). Characterization of virus-like particles associated with the human faecal and caecal microbiota. WebThe phage T2 screen (Fig. Roux, S. et al. Bacteriophage adhering to mucus provide a non-host-derived immunity. T phages - Oxford Reference EMBO J. Nature 432, 6874 (2004). Creasy, A., Rosario, K., Leigh, B. WebIn T2 genes 39 and 60 are fused into one gene (605 amino acids), and it is equivalent to gyrB ( Huang, 1990). Microbiol. New dimensions of the virus world discovered through metagenomics. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. WebT2 phage is more properly called Enterobacteria phage T2. Exploring the mycobacteriophage metaproteome: phage genomics as an educational platform. 154, 253257 (2003). Microbiol. Not surprisingly, there are many different host-mediated protection systems such as restriction-modification [38], CRISPRs [39], tRNA cleavage [40], and Toxin-Antitoxin systems [41], as well as phage-encoded mechanisms for generating genome diversity at high frequency [42]. This leads to the view that the non-core genes may optimize the phage to occupy a certain ecological niche, and that the changing repertoire of these genes gives the phage population access to new niches. Note that the apparent sites of recombination are located close to gene boundaries. Microbiol. & Bamford, D. H. Nucleic and amino acid sequences support structure-based viral classification. Hurwitz, B. L. & Sullivan, M. B. the contents by NLM or the National Institutes of Health. First, individual phages can be isolated in the laboratory that infect a particular bacterial host used for their propagation. Environ. T2, T4, and T6 phages differ in the cell wall receptors to which they bind. Of the 43 phage-encoded proteins, 16 are used in constructing the head and 27 for the tail. Environmental characteristics of Agulhas rings affect interocean plankton transport. It is a virulent bacteriophage which infects Escherichia coli bacteria. The T2 39 gene, along with the 52 gene, encode the smallest topo II. Marston, M. F. & Amrich, C. G. Recombination and microdiversity in coastal marine cyanophages. A large variation in capsid size can be observed among members of the Caudovirales, with diameters ranging from 45 to 185 nm, which is usually linked to genome size 18. Correspondence to WebLength of the filamentous phage is determined by size of the DNA in the genome Inserts of up 42 Kb have been introduced into M13 genome and packaged (7x genome size) ~8 copies of the Gene III protein are attached at the end of the extruded genome J. Bacteriol. Proc. Nilsson, A. S. & Haggrd-Ljungquist, E. Detection of homologous recombination among bacteriophage P2 relatives. Learn how and when to remove this template message, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enterobacteria_phage_T2&oldid=1118782073, Articles needing additional references from April 2010, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 28 October 2022, at 21:29. This study uses single-virus genomics to identify the most widespread phages in the ocean, which were previously overlooked in metagenomics projects because of their high microdiversity. All Rights Reserved. The description of core and non-core genes given here implies that the non-core genes are moving in and out of the phage genomes on a much faster time scale than the core genes. Virology 479480, 487497 (2015). WebThe T-even phages, T2, T4, and T6, were used as model systems for the study of virus multiplication. Healthy human gut phageome. Science 348, 1261447 (2015). CAS The DNA of the phage is injected into E. coli cells. 91, 113 (2017). Opin. 4, 693700 (2019). Environ. WebHowever, some DNA phages such as T4 may have large genomes with hundreds of genes; the size and shape of the capsid varies along with the size of the genome. Nat. Stewart CR, Casjens SR, Cresawn SG, Houtz JM, Smith AL, Ford ME, Peebles CL, Hatfull GF, Hendrix RW, Huang WM, et al. 15, 161168 (2017). Adams, M. J. et al. Dpartement de biochimie, de microbiologie et de bio-informatique, Facult des sciences et de gnie, Universit Laval, Qubec City, Qubec, Canada, Mora B. Dion,Frank Oechslin&Sylvain Moineau, Groupe de recherche en cologie buccale, Facult de mdecine dentaire, Universit Laval, Qubec City, Qubec, Canada, Flix dHrelle Reference Center for Bacterial Viruses, Universit Laval, Qubec City, Qubec, Canada, You can also search for this author in Homo Sapiens 3.3 billion b.p. Flix dHrelle Reference Center for Bacterial Viruses: Structure of the bacteriophage 6 nucleocapsid suggests a mechanism for sequential RNA packaging. Commun. Importance of widespread gene transfer agent genes in alpha-proteobacteria. 8, 19 (2017). 299, 2751 (2000). Enterobacteria phage T2 the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Single-virus genomics reveals hidden cosmopolitan and abundant viruses. 1, 15024 (2016). HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Mycobacteriophages Colbert, Rosebush and Qyrzula share similar overall genome architectures and many genes, but only Rosebush and Qyrzula have extensive nucleotide sequence similarity. Atomic structure of single-stranded DNA bacteriophage X174 and its functional implications. & Xiang, Y. Cryo-electron microscopy structure of the filamentous bacteriophage IKe. J. Virol. Extreme dimensions how big (or small) can tailed A replication strategy where a phage takes control of the host cell to replicate its genetic material, produce its structural components, self-assemble to form new virions and burst (lyses) the cell to release newviral particles. Genetic exchange events giving rise to genome mosaicism are usually only observed at the nucleotide sequence level when the events have occurred relatively recently in evolutionary time. 157, 20352046 (2012). Structural dynamics of bacteriophage P22 infection initiation revealed by cryo-electron tomography. 25, 762777 (2008). Web1 Introduction. They were named Type 1 (T1), Type 2 (T2), etc., for easy reference; however, due to structural similarities between the T2, T4, and T6 bacteriophages, these are now commonly referred to as T-Even phages. . Payet, J. P. & Suttle, C. A. Similar groups of genes that travel together through evolution may include the tail genes, or lysis genes, among others. PubMed T2 phage T2 phage This selection for genome size plays an important role in bacteriophage evolution, providing a mechanism for DNA gain and loss that is independent of gene function. 3B) resulted in 143 significant hits, of which 86 (SI Appendix, Dataset S1) were positively enriched in the presence of phage T2. Lavelle, K. et al. . Rev. PLoS Genet. Natl Acad. Nucleotide sequence comparison of bacteriophage genomes reveals them to be enormously diverse [1]. Drosophila Melanogaster 123 million b.p. Restriction enzymes in cells, not eppendorfs. 1). Bacteriophages Breitbart, M. et al. Labrie, S. J. WebThe phage T2 screen (Fig. Nat Rev Microbiol 18, 125138 (2020). WebGenome size can vary greatly between organisms and is not a valid indicator of genetic complexity. Mechanism of membranous tunnelling nanotube formation in viral genome delivery. Genes are colored according to their phamily membership. The lambda red proteins promote efficient recombination between diverged sequences: implications for bacteriophage genome mosaicism. WebEnterobacteria Phage T2 As the T2 bacteriophage consists of only two components, they selectively labelled the DNA with radioactive 32P, and (in a separate batch) the proteins with 35S. 80, 26482655 (2014). 99, 617618 (2018). Nat. Proc. An intriguing possibility, whether they are providing a selective benefit or not, is that these genes could serve as a gene nursery, where novel genetic functions could be built by recombination and mutation among genetic sequences that have no essential role in phage survival. The phage-related chromosomal islands of Gram-positive bacteria. The phage is covered by a protective protein coat. eLife 3, e03125 (2014). and transmitted securely. The T2 phage can quickly turn an E. coli cell into a T2-producing factory that releases phages when the cell ruptures. Structure 14, 10391048 (2006). As with the head genes discussed above, this more extensive case of genetic linkage can be understood in terms of the interactions of the encoded proteins: T4s DNA replication proteins form a complex, the nucleotide metabolism genes probably form a complex that feeds precursors into the DNA replication machine. WebT2 phage Genome size: 170,000 bp Common name: virus Escherichia coli Genome size: 4.6 million bp Common name: Bacteria Drosophila melanogaster Genome size: 130 million bp Common name: Fruit fly Homo sapiens Genome size: 3.2 billion bp Common name: Human Paris japonica Genome size: 150 billion bp Common name: canopy plant Students also viewed Its genome consists of linear double-stranded DNA, with repeats at either end. Legrand, P. et al. 5, 4498 (2014). A second general approach is viral metagenomics, in which the viral population is harvested en masse from an environmental source, concentrated, and large numbers of DNA segments sequenced at random [5,6]. Google Scholar. Rev. Nat. Kristensen DM, Mushegian AR, Dolja VV, Koonin EV. USA 96, 21922197 (1999). Phage WebThe T-even viruses (T2, T4, and T6) have heads 80 110 nm, while the T-odd phages (T1, T3, T5, and T7) have isometric heads about 60 nm in diameter. Thingstad, T. F. & Lignell, R. Theoretical models for the control of bacterial growth rate, abundance, diversity and carbon demand. Unfortunately, there is no bacteriophage fossil record as such and the best promise for understanding phage origins and evolution is the comparative analysis of phages present in the environment today. Huiskonen, J. T. et al. 3.2 A.2 Comparison of genome size in T2 phage, Escherichia coli, Drosophila melanogaster, Homo sapiens and Paris japonica. Theor. Moreover, viral ecologists calculate that there are about 1023 phage infections per second on a global scale, indicating that the population is not only large and old but also highly dynamic [3]. Marine viruses discovered via metagenomics shed light on viral strategies throughout the oceans. Comparison of genome size of T2 phage, Escherichia coli, Drosophila melanogaster, Homo sapiens and, Genome size can vary greatly between organisms and is not a valid indicator of genetic complexity, Comparison of Genome Size in Different Organisms, Variation in Genome Sizes For Different Types of Organisms. Minot, S. & Bryson, A. Microb. Capsids and genomes of jumbo-sized bacteriophages reveal the evolutionary reach of the HK97 fold. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-019-0311-5, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-019-0311-5. Genome Size Sequencing of complete bacterial genomes has become relatively simple and there are over 1,600 completely sequenced bacterial chromosomes. 9, 647657 (2011). USA 111, 78137818 (2014). Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. phage These prokaryotic phage proteins share significant homology with the bacterial gyrase and the ParE and ParC proteins. Mol. CAS What do all these genes do? 6, 941948 (2008). Microbiol. & Leplae, R. Reticulate representation of evolutionary and functional relationships between phage genomes. PRINTED FROM OXFORD REFERENCE (www.oxfordreference.com). Comparative genomic analysis of 18. Patterns and ecological drivers of ocean viral communities. Dion, M.B., Oechslin, F. & Moineau, S. Phage diversity, genomics and phylogeny. Nature 437, 356361 (2005). Sun, L. et al. 32, 25712584 (2015). Pietil, M. K. et al. Virol. Lepage, P. et al. Williamson, K. E., Fuhrmann, J. J., Wommack, K. E. & Radosevich, M. Viruses in soil ecosystems: an unknown quantity within an unexplored territory. (ed.) The first phages that were studied in detail included seven that commonly infect E. coli. In general, these genomes are packaged at similar densities into their capsids and the size of the capsid varies as a function of genome size. Nature 513, 242245 (2014). Direct 7, 114 (2012). Deveau H, Garneau JE, Moineau S. CRISPR/Cas system and its role in phage-bacteria interactions. Phage ICTV virus taxonomy profile: Plasmaviridae. Article Gregory, A. C. et al. Opin. 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) was first described in 1952 when it was found in the genomes of T-even bacteriophages (T2 and T4). & Rohwer, F. L. Piggyback-the-winner in host-associated microbial communities. Natl Acad. & Moineau, S. Abortive infection mechanisms and prophage sequences significantly influence the genetic makeup of emerging lytic lactococcal phages. A suggested new bacteriophage genus: Viunalikevirus. Phage Hershey, A. D. 7, 17381751 (2013). Zuo, T. et al. A segment of Colbert containing genes 3335 appears to have been acquired recently from a Rosebush-like phage, and the conserved sequences share 94% nucleotide identity. F.O. ISSN 1740-1534 (online) A dodecamer forming a centralchannel involved inviralDNA packaging and injection, providing a docking site for attachment of the tailmachinery. Kupczok, A. et al. The observation that different regions (genes and gene blocks) of the phage genomes have distinct evolutionary histories, owing to horizontal gene transfer events. Commun. Curr. 3, 754766 (2018). Hatfull GF, Jacobs-Sera D, Lawrence JG, Pope WH, Russell DA, Ko CC, Weber RJ, Patel MC, Germane KL, Edgar RH, et al. 71, 31193125 (2005). Proc. WebPhage genomes can consist of either DNA or RNA, and can contain as few as four genes or as many as several hundred. In the T7 phage DNA replication involves a concatenation (q.v.) Proc. 01 February 2023, Marine Life Science & Technology Google Scholar. WebEnterobacteria Phage T2 As the T2 bacteriophage consists of only two components, they selectively labelled the DNA with radioactive 32P, and (in a separate batch) the proteins with 35S. The capsid of a bacteriophage can be icosahedral, filamentous, or Candidate receptors fadL ::Tn ( A = 2.60) and ompF ::Tn ( A = 2.53) were identified ( Fig. Phylogenet. Opin. Although these advances have expanded our understanding of phage genomic diversity, they also revealed that we have only scratched the surface in the discovery of novel viruses. Nature 474, 604608 (2011). Enterobacteria phage T2 But we have barely scratched the surface and the next years of phage genome exploration promise to be especially revealing. CAS Commun. Manrique, P. et al. Leiman, P. G., Chipman, P. R., Kostyuchenko, V. A., Mesyanzhinov, V. V. & Rossmann, M. G. Three-dimensional rearrangement of proteins in the tail of bacteriophage T4 on infection of its host. Google Scholar. Nat. A. et al. WebPhage genomes can consist of either DNA or RNA, and can contain as few as four genes or as many as several hundred. Marine DNA viral macro- and microdiversity from pole to pole. A theoretical analysis of how strain-specific viruses can control microbial species diversity. Escherichia Coli 5 million b.p. 21, 259269 (2001). 13, 1927 (1997). Ackermann, H. W. Phage classification and characterization. 13, 147159 (2015). Microbiol. T2 phage had very high genomic sequence similarity to SV76 (99.99% identity), so we performed host range analysis of T2 with the same bacteria strains to see whether the genomic similarity translated to host range phenotypic similarity. A substantial portion of these contain at least one prophage and prophages can occupy up to 20% of the chromosomal content [911]; this prevalence of prophages is not unexpected given the finding that a large proportion of isolated bacteriophages are temperate. Veterinary Research It is in the genus Tequatrovirus, and the family Myoviridae. Juhala, R. J. et al. Biol. Virol. Biol. In 1952 Alfred Day Hershey and Martha Chase used the T2 bacteriophage in a famous experiment in which they demonstrated that only the nucleic acids of phage molecules were required for their replication within bacteria. Suttle, C. A. Duda, R. L. & Teschke, C. M. The amazing HK97 fold: versatile results of modest differences. Modular architecture of the T4 phage superfamily: a conserved core genome and a plastic periphery. Bacteriophage In this Review, we explore phage diversity at the structural, genomic and community levels as well as the complex evolutionary relationships between phages, moulded by the mosaicity of their genomes. Several types of recombination events are postulated to contribute to this. FOIA The largest bacteriophage genomes reach a size of 735 kb. The examples of genome and chromosome number have been selected to allow points of interest to be raised Paris japonica Largest Known Genome Enterobacteria Phage T2 Nat. To kill or not to kill: the balance between lytic and lysogenic viral infection is driven by trophic status. Predicted genes are shown as boxes, with gene numbers in the boxes and the sequence phamilies [24] above, with the number of phamily members shown in brackets; phamilies correspond to groups of related genes [24]. The Pacific Ocean virome (POV): a marine viral metagenomic dataset and associated protein clusters for quantitative viral ecology. These encompass many types of virion morphologies and nucleic acid compositions, but the large majority are double stranded DNA (dsDNA) tailed phages (Caudovirales), reflecting predictions from virion morphology surveys [4]. The phage is covered by a protective protein coat. mBio 8, e01903e01917 (2017). Environ. Curr. Disease-specific alterations in the enteric virome in inflammatory bowel disease. Pope, W. H. et al. Natl Acad. Genome Res. Cardarelli, L. et al. Appl. 75, 610635 (2011). Sutter M, Boehringer D, Gutmann S, Gunther S, Prangishvili D, Loessner MJ, Stetter KO, Weber-Ban E, Ban N. Structural basis of enzyme encapsulation into a bacterial nanocompartment. Marvin, D. A. Filamentous phage structure, infection and assembly. Front. J. Mol. B. H. Genomic diversification of marine cyanophages into stable ecotypes. Your current browser may not support copying via this button. 184, 45294535 (2002). T2 phage Article In many cases, the modules that are being exchanged correspond to single genes (Fig. Here a majority of the so-called core genesthe genes that are shared by all members of the groupfail to engage in horizontal exchange relative to the other genes in the group [32,33]. Natl Acad. Experiments conducted in 1952 by Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase demonstrated how the DNA of viruses is injected into the bacterial cells, while most of the viral proteins remain outside.