1990: The National [51] Thousands of portable generators were sent to the state by Home Depot and Lowe's home improvement stores. Glossary, Privacy Policy 1971 Hurricane Season - back to view information on this year's hurricane season. (PB84 182757). September 25, 2004. On September15, shortly after Heidi moved ashore in Maine, it was absorbed by a broad extratropical cyclone over the northern Appalachians. [45] Little impact occurred during Laura's final landfall, and it dissipated on November22 over central Guatemala. Governor Milton Shapp declared a state of emergency in several Pennsylvania counties following the floods. (PB295702), NWS NHC 9 (PDF): Annual Data and Verification Tabulation of 1984. 65, No. Reanalysis of the 1954-63 Atlantic hurricane seasons. NOAA Technical Report NESDIS 57: Water Vapor Atlantic Tropical Cyclones 1977 - Miles B. Lawrence, Paul J. Hebert Because of its effects in the United States, the name Frances was retired in the spring of 2005 by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), and will never again be used for an Atlantic hurricane. 1997. (PB 94-144524), NOAA Technical Report NESDIS 11: Tropical Frances then moved generally west northwest and weakened to a Category 2 hurricane while crossing the northwest Bahamas. (PB 183 308), WBTM SR 45: On the Maximum Sustained Winds Occurring in Atlantic International Corporation) And Colin J. McAdie (NHC) - November, 1991. The first of the three systems to develop was Frances, which became a tropical storm midway across the Atlantic on August 25 and was a major hurricane just two days later. Forecast Discussion OPM prepares for aftermath of Hurricane Frances. Constraints in Dvorak wind speed estimates: How quickly can hurricanes intensify?. Early on the morning of September 6, all warnings were dropped in Florida south of Englewood and Cocoa Beach. A. Knaff, R. Knabb, C. Lauer, C. R. Sampson, and R. T. DeMaria, 2010: A New Method for Estimating Tropical Cyclone Wind Speed Probabilities. The Joint Hurricane Testbed - Its first decade of tropical cyclone research-to-operations activities revisited. Fern dissipated on September13 over northeastern Mexico. Synoptic and Empirical Tropical Cyclone Prediction Systems - Charles WBTM SR 38: Florida Hurricanes - Gordon E. Dunn and Staff NHC - It developed into a tropical depression on September21 about 1050mi (1700km) west-southwest of Cape Verde, which was the easternmost formation of the named storms this season. Frances moved into the southeastern Bahamas by September 1st where two fatalities occurred (CNN). It was the sixth named storm, the fourth hurricane, and the third major hurricane of the 2004 Atlantic hurricane season. Paul J. Hebert, and Max Mayfield - August, 1992. The storm's maximum sustained wind peaked at 145mph (233km/h), achieving Category 4 on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale. Klotzbach P. J. and C. W. Landsea, 2015: Official Hurricane and Tropical Storm Tracks for the East-Central Pacific. The onion crop was expected to be late in 2005 due to the loss of seedbeds and seedlings during the storm. Weather and Forecasting, 24, 621.645. storms available back to the journal's beginnings in 1886. 2525 Correa Rd February, 1996. Springfield, VA 22161 Later that day Janice dissipated just northeast of the Lesser Antilles as it was absorbed by Ginger. The Disney World resort benefits from an inland central Florida location that often insulates the parks from hurricanes that dissipate after striking the coasts. provides information on non-developing cyclones. Edward N. Rappaport (NHC Miami), Jerry D. Jarrell (NHC Miami, retired), Local Climate Info A strip of upslope-induced rainfall along the Blue Ridge escarpment produced as much as 23 inches (580mm) of rain in some areas of western North Carolina as the warm tropical air surged up and over the mountains. Information Quality A total of 21 tropical and subtropical cyclones formed, but just 10 of them intensified into nameable storm systems. [13], The total civilian damage from Frances was determined to be approximately US$8.86 billion (2004dollars). Wea. [14] The storm continued strengthening as it turned west-northwestward, reaching its peak intensity of 145 miles per hour (233km/h) on September 2 while 555 miles (893km) east-southeast of West Palm Beach, Florida. StormReady The 1971 Atlantic hurricane season was fairly active with several notable storms. Robert C. Sheets. Cyclone Precipitation Estimation Technique Using Geostationary [4], In addition to the named storms and otherwise notable cyclones, there were several weak depressions during the season. [6][4], The hurricane left extensive damage in its wake, especially to crops and infrastructure. Amer. North Pacific Tropical Cyclones - Congyuan Xue and Charles J. Neumann The strong primary eyewalls contracted and outward-sloping secondary eyewalls formed near 3 times the radius of maximum winds. [48] Kennedy Space Center did not restore its complete work force until September 13 due to relief operations, as well as a lack of gasoline, ice, and water in the area. [2] This was about average compared to the 1950-2000 average of 9.6 named storms. Hon. NWS NHC 40 (PDF): Annual Data and Verification September, 1986. Abstract Hurricane Frances (2004) represented an unusual event that produced three consecutive overlapping eyewall replacement cycles (ERCs). Fern developed on September3 in the central Gulf of Mexico. Wea. January, 1977. Surge for Connecticut, New York, and Upper New Jersey in Hurricane The rainfall resulted in widespread flooding, killing three people in Rivas. Requested Hurricane Facts) - Paul J. Hebert and Glenn Taylor - August, (PB285415/AS), NWS NHC 4 (PDF): Annual Data and Verification Tabulation of Jarvinen and Alan McDuffie - August, 1987. It initially moved northward before curving to the west, making landfall near the Georgia/South Carolina border on September11 before dissipating the following day. These include: 1) Latest Sounding The Commonwealth of the Bahamas Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2004). (COM-7511-88), NOAA Technical Report NWS 17: Estimation of Since opening in 1971, the park has only been closed three times since, all in anticipation of hurricanes. [11] Overall monetary damage from Beth is estimated up to $5.1 million (1971USD, $34.1million 2023USD). At 1 am EDT on September 5 (0500 UTC), the center of the broad eye of Frances made landfall along the Florida coast, at the southern end of Hutchinson Island, near Sewall's Point, Jensen Beach, and Port Salerno, Florida. Weather Service Hurricane Probability Program - Robert C. Sheets, Miami Radar [46] Just two days later, another tropical depression formed in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico, quickly moving ashore in southern Texas before dissipating on July11; it dropped light rainfall along its path. It moved over southern Louisiana the next day, but due to increased ridging to the north the depression moved southwestward back over water. 1851 Hurricane (1) 1854 Hurricane (1) 1854 Hurricane (4) 1857 Hurricane (4) . [4][6][37][38], In the Atlantic, Irene produced moderate rainfall and winds along its path, although impact was greatest in Nicaragua where it moved ashore as a hurricane. The Most Surprising Hurricane Names to Not Get Retired 1971 Atlantic hurricane season - Wikipedia [47], In August, there were two tropical depressions, in addition to the named storms and the notable Tropical Depression Eight. Pielke, R. A., Jr., J. Gratz, C. W. Landsea, D. Collins, M. A. Saunders, and R. Muslin, 2008: Storms were named Beth, Kristy and Laura for the first time in 1971. [24] Search the . [41], Frances dropped significant rain on Florida, Georgia, Alabama, and North and South Carolina. Frequently Requested Hurricane Facts) - Eric S. Blake, Christopher W. Landsea, and Ethan J. Gibney - Updated August, 2011. Its precursor dropped 3.90in (99mm) near Carrabelle, Florida, but much less along its path. outside of NHC that relate to NHC duties. One-Half Degree Latitude-Longitude Boxes - John R. Hope and Charles J. On September 16, 2004, Hurricane Robert A. [13] This weakening trend was short lived, and the storm reintensified during the afternoon of August 30, as vertical wind shear remained low. A Wildlife Commission removed its North Carolina Mountain State Fair exhibit due to Frances midway through the fair. On October20, a ship reported winds of 45mph (72km/h), indicating the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Kristy. Most schools were shut down from southern Miami-Dade County to just south of Melbourne two days before the hurricane. The depression dissipated on August17 over South Carolina, although in that state it produced its heaviest rainfall, totaling 14.11in (358mm) in Sullivan's Island. On August16, it intensified as it moved ashore near Cedar Key, where hurricane-force wind gusts were briefly observed. On the morning of August 30, the hurricane watch for Vieques was downgraded to a tropical storm watch. CLIMATE About 18hours after attaining tropical storm status, Chloe quickly strengthened to peak winds of 65mph (105km/h) about 215mi (345km) south of the Mona Passage, as reported by reconnaissance aircraft. Frances became a Category 4 Hurricane on August 28 while about 700 miles east of the Lesser Antilles. The Magic Kingdom opened in 1971 followed by Epcot in 1982, Disneys Hollywood Studios (then known as Disney MGM Studios) and Typhoon Lagoon in 1989, Blizzard Beach in 1995 and Disneys Animal Kingdom in 1998. Uncertainties on the Performance of Statistical Tropical Cyclone A significant tornado outbreak accompanied the storm across the eastern United States, nearly equaling the outbreak from Hurricane Beulah. [31] Heavy rainfall flooded towns[32] and left heavy crop damage, with 3million bushels of corn and 1million bushels of soybean lost. Hurricane Jeanne formed from a tropical depression just east of the Leeward Islands on September 13. Model - Charles J. Neumann - May, 1988 - Robert A. This section includes a list of publications from NWS TPC 3 (PDF): The Deadliest, Costliest, and Hurricane Frances was the second of these four hurricanes, striking Florida just weeks after Hurricane Charley made landfall along the southwestern part of the state. NOAA Technical Report NWS 15: Some These That afternoon, warnings were dropped for the Dominican Republic. (PB 182 220), WBTM SR 42: Memorable Hurricanes of the United States Since 1873 - NWS NHC 37 (PDF): Observed Versus SLOSH Model Storm The cyclone tracked nearly due westward at a low latitude, passing through the southern Windward Islands and later over northern South America. Atlantic Tropical Cyclones 1980 - Glenn Taylor and Staff, NHC - June, On the classification of extreme Atlantic hurricanes utilizing mid-Twentieth-Century monitoring capabilities. [28][29], While over the western Atlantic Ocean, Ginger became the last target of Project Stormfury, which sought to weaken hurricanes by depositing silver iodide into tropical cyclone rainbands. Hurricane warnings were dropped for the Turks and Caicos Islands late on the morning of September 1 and for the Southeast Bahamas late that night. 10.1175/WAF-D-20-0059.1. NWS NHC 22 (PDF): A Tropical Cyclone Data Tape for the 9, pp 1197-1203. Delgado, S., C. W. Landsea, and H. Willoughby, 2018: at the National Hurricane Center. 1984. On July4, the system organized into a tropical depression about 120mi (195km) southeast of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. Amer. The Atlantic Hurricane Minor flooding happened along the banks of the three rivers and more damage was associated with river tributaries. Significant crop damage was seen into North Carolina, which reported $55million in crop damage. (PB 184 610), WBTM SR 47: Disturbances in the Tropical and Equatorial Atlantic Colin J. McAdie and Miles B. Lawrence. Intense United States Tropical Cyclones From 1851 to 2010 (and other How Many Hurricanes Have Caused Disney World to Close? [18] These damage estimates were in anticipation that Frances would strike Florida as a strong Category Four hurricane. (PB285504/AS), NWS NHC 7 (PDF): The Deadliest, Costliest, and Most Intense At 11pm, the western edge of the eyewall began moving onshore. He writes about Disney, Universal, Six Flags, SeaWorld, Cedar Fair and Legoland parks in Southern California, across the United States and around the world. Models for The Prediction of Tropical Cyclone Motion - Charles J. It moved quickly across the southern Caribbean Sea, intensifying into a hurricane just off the north coast of South America. Tropical Cyclones and Climate Change. [4] A total of 96homes were destroyed,[39] and 1,200people were left homeless. Track of Tropical Storm Doria, August 20-29, 1971. [25] Edith caused moderate to heavy damage in portions of Louisiana due to flooding and a tornado outbreak from the storm. Memoranda starting with WBTM SR 38 are also Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. 1571-1575. 87, No. Analysis provided by the NWS/Hydrometeorological Prediction . (COM-75-11132), NOAA Technical Report NWS 32: Pertinent Hurricane Impact to Agriculture Industry. [20][21] In all, Tropical Storm Doria caused seven deaths and $147.6million (1971USD, $988million 2023USD). September, 1984 reprinted October, 1985. Tabulation - Atlantic Tropical Cyclones 1986 - Gilbert B Clark and Add in the estimated US$100million damage (2004dollars) done to space and military facilities at Kennedy Space Center, Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, and Patrick Air Force Base, Florida and the total damage was estimated to be about US$9billion (2004dollars), making it the fourth costliest hurricane in United States history at that time, behind Hurricane Andrew of 1992 and Hurricanes Charley and Ivan of 2004. The entrance to the Magic. (PB285262/AS), NWS NHC 5 (PDF): Atlantic Tropical Cyclone Tracks by 5-, 10-, NWS NHC 29 (PDF): Annual Data and Verification NWS NHC 43 (PDF): Annual Data and Verification This is a table of the storms in 1971 and their landfall(s), if any. and Staff, NHC - March, 1979. 21 Hurricane Frances Facts: The Second Most Intense Cyclone! Frances - National Weather Service Weather and Forecasting, 24, 395-419. The pineapple crop was significantly impacted by wind damage in Eleuthera, while the entire fruit crop was lost for similar reasons. Hurricane Frances was also the sixth tropical storm of the season and the fourth hurricane to be named. The remnants of Chloe later spawned Hurricane Lily in the eastern Pacific Ocean. Walt Disney World closes for just fourth time ever as Hurricane - CNBC [10] The cyclone reached its primary peak intensity of 135 miles per hour (217km/h) on August 28. Bulletin of Climate, 25, 4461-4475. Weather and Forecasting, 24, 1573-1591. Pacific Tropical Cyclone Data - Gail M. Brown and Preston W. Leftwich, According to the Hurricane Center, the storm resulted in 10 deaths and caused an estimated $15 billion in damage, making it the second costliest hurricane in U.S history. Tropical Storm Frances Situation Report: September 7, 2004 (10:00am EDT). 100 years of hurricanes in Florida, visualized - Washington Post Disney World resort parks were closed again on Sept. 26, 2004 because of Hurricane Jeanne, according to CNBC. Tropical Storm Doria caused seven deaths and almost $150 million dollars in damage ($860 million in 2015 dollars), making it the costliest storm of the 1971 Tropical Season. As the trough advanced ahead of the storm, a ridge built across the southeast United States, causing the cyclone to turn northward and parallel the west coast of Florida. [4][6], Heidi did not directly cause any fatalities or severe damage. [38] The total damage to space and military facilities around Cape Canaveral, Florida was reported at about $100million (2004 dollars). Climatology for the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts of the United States - Below is a list of each hurricane closure recorded since Disney World opened: . (PB 184 609), WBTM SR 46: Hemispheric Circulation and Anomaly Patterns Observed 81, No. In 1979, male and female names were included in lists for the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico. Ian is. Disneys Animal Kingdom never opened on Aug. 13, according to CBS. and Christopher W. Landsea - Updated April, 2007. Two people had been killed in storm-related accidents in the Bahamas before the eye of Hurricane Frances crossed Florida's eastern coastline at Sewall's Point, north of Palm Beach, at 1 a.m. on. 1981. Telecommunications were restored to most of the island chain within 24 hours. 2001. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society: Vol. Have we reached the limits of predictability for tropical cyclone track forecasting? Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (2007). As of Monday, Sept. 26, 2022, the National Weather Service has issued a tropical storm watch for Hurricane Ian in Orange and Osceola counties, which encompasses all of Walt Disney World. [43] Significant crop damage was seen, particularly to the cotton and the peanut crops. Mariner's Weather Log is found in the Government Documents section under the Department of Commerce. [58] On September 10, President Bush declared 34 counties within North Carolina a disaster area, making them eligible for US$6.5million (2004 dollars) in public assistance. Communication to Parliament on Hurricane Frances and an addendum report on Hurricane Jeanne by the Rt. Christi, Texas - Brian R. Jarvinen, A. Barry Damiano, and Gloria J. D. Disney Worlds theme parks and water parks closed early on Sept. 14, 1999 and remained closed on Sept. 15 for Hurricane Floyd. [57] A disaster declaration was made for the northeast section of South Carolina on October 7. Many universities across Florida canceled classes. The Hurricane Season summaries include descriptions Hurricane Fran, also referred initially as Subtropical Storm Bravo, was a long-tracked Category 1 hurricane that caused little damage during its existence in early October 1973. Clark - March, 1988. Rappaport, E. N., J. L. Franklin, L. A. Avila, S. R. Baig, J. L. Beven 5, pp. Retired Hurricane Names Since 1954 The NHC does not control the naming of tropical storms. National NWS NHC 28 (PDF): A Statistical Model for the NWS NHC 38 (PDF): The National Hurricane Center Risk NWS TPC 5 (PDF): The Deadliest, Costliest, and Most [8] Frances rapidly intensified, developing an eye and reaching hurricane strength late that afternoon. An Observational and High-Resolution Model Analysis of Gale Wind Events in the Gulf of California. President George W. Bush declared all of Florida a federal disaster area. Hurricane warnings were dropped for the central Bahamas that afternoon. Hurricane Center Past, Present, Future. But so far, Hurricane Dorian has yet to disrupt Disneys opening weekend plans for Star Wars: Galaxys Edge at Disneys Hollywood Studios. [13] On September 3, Frances passed into the vicinity of Abaco Island and directly over Grand Bahama while continuing to slowly weaken. Hurricane Frances was the second most intense tropical cyclone in the Atlantic during 2004 and proved to be very destructive in Florida. B., and C. W. Landsea, 2012: As it struck Texas, Fern produced strong winds up to 86mph (138km/h), along with 5 to 6ft (1.5 to 1.8m) storm tides and heavy rainfall; the highest precipitation total was 26.0in (660mm) in Beeville. on Atlantic tropical cyclone counts, Normalized hurricane damage in the United States: 1900-2005, Available from the National Climatic Data Center. The first storm, Arlene, developed on July4 off the coast of North Carolina. tropical disturbances in the Atlantic (especially tropical waves) and [3] Memorandum Series published by the Department of Commerce. As of September 21, electricity had been restored to half of the Bahamians who had lost power. [19] Moderate damage and rainfall continued along its path into New England and southeastern Canada. Weather Radio The passage of tropical depression Frances into Georgia dumped up to 5 inches (130mm) of rain onto the state and caused the closings of schools in 56 counties. Disney World has only had to close nine times due to hurricanes since opening in 1971. Frequently Requested Hurricane Facts) - Eric S. Blake (NHC Miami), Figure 1. Climate Graphs Outlooks its area of responsibility. Effects of Hurricane Frances, Ivan, and Jeanne on Georgia Irrigators. Eastern Pacific Hurricane Season Summaries (including those from the former Eastern Pacific Hurricane Center in Redwood City, CA) are By October21 it transitioned into an extratropical cyclone before dissipating near the Azores. Christopher W. Landsea, James L. Franklin, Colin J. McAdie, John L. Atlantic Hurricane Database Uncertainty and Presentation of a New Database Format. Meteor. Nature Sustainability, 1, 808-813. Jarvinen and Eduardo L. Caso - June, 1978. Despite the activity, damage in the United States totaled about $235million (1971USD, $1.57billion 2023USD), which National Hurricane Center forecaster Paul Hebert noted was "pretty small considering we had five storms in a row strike the U.S."[3] Most of the damage came from Tropical Storm Doria, which affected much of the East Coast of the United States. Weather and Forecasting: Vol. Coastal County Populations Texas to Maine - Paul J. Hebert, Glenn 1971 Atlantic hurricane season - Simple English Wikipedia, the free Meteorological Society: Vol. 85, No. [53] Damage to the Florida citrus crop caused orange futures to rise four cents a pound. Disneys Animal Kingdom eventually opened on Sept. 15 after Floyds path made an unexpected turn, according to the All Ears Disney fan site. The Category 1 hurricane struck the Outer Banks in North Carolina first, weakened, struck New Jersey and then Brooklyn in New York City, before its final strike in Vermont. Landsea, C. W., S. Feuer, A. Hagen, D. A. Glenn, J. Sims, R. Perez, Hurricane watches were upgraded to hurricane warnings later that morning. Tropical Storm Doria, August 25-28, 1971 - National Weather Service Ottawa's O-Train Trillium Line was halted because of a landslide that obstructed the railroad corridor. Southern Hemisphere tropical cyclone seasons: This page was last edited on 6 March 2023, at 23:07. Journal of Climate, 21,138-2168. As it reached this strength, an approaching cold front produced cooler, drier air over the storm. It was the sixth named storm, the fourth hurricane, and the third major hurricane of the 2004 Atlantic hurricane season. the American Meteorological Society: Vol. [4] For several days it continued generally westward, gradually losing organization. NWS NHC 17 (PDF): Annual Data and Verification Tabulation Intense United States Hurricanes of This Century (and Other Frequently Table 3b. Hebert (NWSFO Miami), Jerry D. Jarrell, and Max Mayfield - Updated and Practical Computerized Parametric Wave/Swell Forecast Model - nhcwebmaster@noaa.gov, Central Pacific Hurricane Center Due to a request by France at the 2003 WMO meeting, the name Frances was already set to be removed from the rotating list after the 2004 hurricane season, regardless of any impact by the storm. [36] Churches prepared meals for people without power and food. (PB285263/AS), NWS NHC 3 (PDF): Intensification Criteria for Tropical MesoAnalysis [5] Good upper-level outflow was observed in all but the eastern quadrants as the depression continued on its path,[6] and it strengthened to tropical storm status on August 25, approximately 1,420 miles (2,290km) east of the Lesser Antilles. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 93, 371-380. Past Events (COM 71 00796), NWS SR 62: An Alternate to the HURRAN (Hurricane [4][6] The storm capsized a boat in the Grand Banks of Newfoundland, and the crew of 12 was rescued. [40] A wind gust of 70mph was recorded at Orlando International Airport. Case - March, 1987. President Authorizes Disaster Funds For Georgia To Aid State And Local Government Recovery From Tropical Storm Frances. United States Hurricanes of the Century (And Other Frequently NOAA Technical Report NWS 48: SLOSH: Sea, Lake, 2006: NWS NHC 18 (PDF): The Deadliest, Costliest, and Most Intense [35] In Chester, Pennsylvania a stone dam collapsed, forcing hundreds of families to evacuate and damaging homes, businesses, roads, and bridges. The accession number for In the Bahamas, insurers and reinsurers estimated industry insured losses at about $300million (2004 dollars). (COM 75-11220/AS), Documents digitized by the NOAA Miami Regional Library, NWS NHC 1 (PDF): Annual Data and Verification Tabulation of [18] The rainfall led to record-breaking river levels and flooding in several houses, resulting in damage to dozens of houses across the state. [34], Some areas of Florida received over 13 inches (330mm) of rain as the system moved slowly through the state. (PB297190). Banner I. Miller - May, 1969. Bull. immediate download, and links to these documents will appear below as they Disney World closed early on Oct. 6, 2016 and remained closed on Oct. 7 due to Hurricane Matthew, according to CNBC. "The best news is, no lives were lost." And that was about the best of it as category 4 Hurricane Frances degraded to a tropical storm after grinding its way across Florida, the massive storm then entered the Gulf briefly before making a second landfall, pounding the Panhandle for good measure. 1976 Atlantic hurricane season - Wikipedia Kimberlain, J.L. February, 1987. The newly developed cyclone tracked slowly northeastward, eventually encountering conditions favorable for development. Soc., 96, 1175-1176. It made a second landfall as a tropical storm in the eastern Florida Panhandle. Wea. (2005) after 10 years. [15] On September 2, Frances entered the Bahamas, passing directly over San Salvador Island and very close to Cat Island. 1059-1067. About Our Office Analysis Program (HURISK) - Charles J. Neumann - November, 1987. READ MORE about Star Wars: Galaxys Edge at Disneyland. Damage occurred to downed trees and wooden homes. or university library. Pecan prices rise on hurricane aftermath. Frances was the first hurricane to impact the entire Bahamian archipelago since 1928 and almost completely destroyed their agricultural economy. A frontal wave developed the next day, steadily developing due to thermal instability. It crossed the Yucatn Peninsula the next day, dropping heavy rainfall up to 9.09in (231mm). Landsea, C. W., and J. P. Cangialosi, 2018: [51] Names that were not assigned are marked in gray. [13], On the evening of September 1, hurricane warnings were issued for the northwest Bahamas while hurricane watches were issued for the lower east coast of Florida and tropical storm watches were issued for the Florida Keys. - Robert H. Simpson - June, 1969. (COM 73-11643), NWS SR 81: The Effect of Initial Data
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