It is divided in half almost equally by the Equator. An East African country of 12 million with its capital at Kigali; Site of a 1994 genocide in which the majority Hutu ethnic group attempted to murder all the minority Tutsi ethnic groups. AP Human Geography: Chapter 7 (Ethnicity), AP Human Geography Folk and Popular Culture T. Examples of ethnic enclaves can be found across the world and throughout history, but they really became ubiquitous during the 19th century, with the first major waves of industrialization. A stark example of de jure segregation is the apartheid movement of South Africa, which existed from 1948 to 1994. The largest ethnic group in the world without a homeland; Divided among several nationalities including Turkish, Syrian, Iraqi, and Iranian nationalities. Ghettos are a type of involuntary ethnic enclave where specified groups of people are forced to live together because of segregation. Hitlers intent was clear, and the high Jewish death toll certainly indicates that Hitler and his regime committed genocide. A state that contains more than one ethnicity. When ethnic groups are forced to live in a segregated parts of the city, the neighborhood becomes a "ghetto.". In American history, many large cities developed ethnic enclaves, identified by colloquial names like Little Italy or Chinatown. AP HUG CHPT 5: Ethnic Geography Homelands and Islands This century experienced two world wars, multiple civil wars, genocides in Rwanda (Tutsis and moderate Hutus), Sudan, Yugoslavia, and the Holocaust that decimated the Jewish population in Europe during WWII. Trayvon Martin was a seventeen-year-old black teenager. P=x1+2x2+3x3, 2x1+2x2+8x36002 x_1+2 x_2+8 x_3 \leq 600 Historical accounts suggest that between 1824 and 1908, white settlers killed more than 10,000 native Aborigines in Tasmania and Australia (Tatz 2006). Separation of public life based on race; Laws established in the US Southern states after slavery and in effect until the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s. In modern times redlining is a practice that encourages segregation through policies restricting or denying benefits to certain groups of people or certain areas and has historically affected African Americans who were denied mortgages for homes. Discuss. Identity with a group of people who share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular country. Make sure to remember your password. Do we need more than one theory to explain racism, prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination? Ethnic cleansing refers to methodical forcible removal of members of a certain ethnic, religious, or racial group from a given area, typically with the goal to make it ethnically homogeneous.. We grow up surrounded by images of stereotypes and casual expressions of racism and prejudice. Over 120,000 legal Japanese residents and Japanese U.S. citizens, many of them children, were held in these camps for up to four years, even though there was never any evidence of collusion or espionage. Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. Contemporary conceptions of race, therefore, which tend to be based on socioeconomic assumptions, illuminate how far removed modern understanding of race is from biological qualities. In the view of functionalism, racial and ethnic inequalities must have served an essential function in order to exist as long as they have. Humans and human ancestors have lived in Africa for more than 5 million years. Voluntary ethnic enclaves are places where people of common heritage choose to live together in higher numbers than surrounding areas populated by people with different heritage. Enclaves in their current form first started to arise in the 19th century within industrial cities. There were allegations of racial profilingthe use by law enforcement of race alone to determine whether to stop and detain someonea national discussion about Stand Your Ground Laws, and a failed lawsuit in which Zimmerman accused NBC of airing an edited version of the 911 call that made him appear racist. Ethnic groups distinguish themselves differently from one period to another. Symbolic Ethnicity Overview & Examples | What Is Symbolic Ethnicity? Devolution: AP Human Geography Crash Course | Albert.io Stereotypes can be based on race, ethnicity, age, gender, sexual orientation almost any characteristic. Belief that one race is superior to another. A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality. Truly involuntary enclaves are generally referred to as ghettos (although it should be noted that academics disagree as to whether ghettos qualify as enclaves or not). an American whose first language is Spanish, an artificial language based on words common to the Romance languages. In the late nineteenth century, the rising power of black Americans after the Civil War resulted in draconian Jim Crow laws that severely limited black political and social power. How can racism and discrimination contribute positively to society? Ethnic vs. Universalizing Religions: AP Human Geography - Albert Prejudice and discrimination can overlap and intersect in many ways. Amalgamation is the process by which a minority group and a majority group combine to form a new group. Social scientists use segregation indices to measure racial segregation of different races in different areas. Small, rural areas settled by a single ethnic group as opposed to ethnic neighborhoods or enclaves, which are urban. Racist attitudes and beliefs are often more insidious and harder to pin down than specific racist practices. Chris has a master's degree in history and teaches at the University of Northern Colorado. In the 1990s, the U.S. executive branch issued a formal apology for this expulsion; reparation efforts continue today. Assimilation is antithetical to the salad bowl created by pluralism; rather than maintaining their cultural flavor, subordinate cultures give up their traditions in order to conform to their new environment. Moreover, as with race, individuals may be identified or self-identify with ethnicities in complex, even contradictory, ways. to send you a reset link. BLM Goals, Accomplishments & History | What is the Black Lives Matter Movement? This could include forced migration, terror and rape, destruction of villages, and large-scale death. Helpful videos for students of AP Human Geography. Alternatively, some researchers have instead focused on migrants and people of similar ethnic backgrounds residing in the same communities. Get unlimited access to over 88,000 lessons. Some interactionists propose that the symbols of race, not race itself, are what lead to racism. When faced with racial and ethnic discrimination, it can be difficult for new immigrants to assimilate fully. As you read through these theories, ask yourself which one makes the most sense and why. Also known as circular migration, The process by which immigrant ethnic groups lose certain aspects of their traditional culture in the process of settling overseas, creating a new culture that is less complex than the old. An example from the last century is the way Adolf Hitler was able to blame the Jewish population for Germanys social and economic problems. FRQ #1 This question is concerned with the political geography concepts of supra-nationalism and devolution 1. Historically, Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians, and Pacific Islanders have been lumped into an umbrella . Beginning about 1500 BCE, sailors began moving east from the island of New Guinea. British exit lead to ethnic conflict and the creation of Pakistan. Download File. For example, if a white employer believes a black employee with a darker skin tone is less capable than a black employee with a lighter skin tone, that is colorism. Concentrations of people from the same ethnicity in certain pockets of the city. In modern society, some people who consider themselves white actually have more melanin (a pigment that determines skin color) in their skin than other people who identify as black. In some countries, such as Brazil, class is more important than skin color in determining racial categorization. If you knew the answer, tap the green Know box. Africa, the second-largest continent, is bounded by the Mediterranean Sea, the Red Sea, the Indian Ocean, and the Atlantic Ocean. Enclaves tend to form in the presence of large migrant populations in an area, where there are financial resources or other types of capital (notably excess labor). AP Human Geography - Mr. Tredinnick's Class Site Although the assumption of a linear relationship may not be valid for the set of 23 flights, fit a simple linear regression model to predict O\mathrm{O}O-ring damage, based on atmospheric temperature. Additionally, this century saw regional and civil conflicts such as those experienced in the Congo (6 million people died), as well as an upsurge in child soldiers and modern slavery. This culture might include shared language, religion, and traditions, among other commonalities. It was not until 1954 and the Brown v. Board of Education case that the Supreme Court declared that separate educational facilities are inherently unequal, thus ending de jure segregation in the United States. We can examine issues of race and ethnicity through three major perspectives: functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism. For example, the category Negroid, popular in the nineteenth century, evolved into the term negro by the 1960s, and then this term fell from use and was replaced with African American. This latter term was intended to celebrate the multiple identities that a black person might hold, but the word choice is a poor one: it lumps together a large variety of ethnic groups under an umbrella term while excluding others who could accurately be described by the label but who do not meet the spirit of the term. Discrimination based on race or ethnicity can take many forms, from unfair housing practices to biased hiring systems. | 15 New stereotypes are rarely created; instead, they are recycled from subordinate groups that have assimilated into society and are reused to describe newly subordinate groups. During this time, many former Confederate states passed Jim Crow laws that required segregated facilities for blacks and whites. 2x1+2x2+8x3600, x1+3x2+2x36003x1+2x2+x3400x1,x2,x30\begin{aligned} Cleansing involves the effort to rid a country or region of everyone of a particular ethnicity either through forced migration or genocide. A 1970 documentary called Eye of the Storm illustrates how prejudice develops, by showing how defining one category of people as superior (children with blue eyes) results in prejudice against people who are not part of the favored category. 2013). Albert Practice Questions. At first glance, it appears that ethnic cleansing and genocide are similar. However, it's important to remember that most ethnic enclaves were founded by communities seeking protection from some degree of prejudice or discrimination, even if not always as strong as that faced by the Chinese. Students cultivate their understanding of human geography through data and geographic analyses as they explore topics like patterns and spatial organization, human impacts and interactions with their environment, and spatial processes and societal changes. - Definition, Applications & Example, What Are Benzodiazepines? In addition to WWI and WWII, this century experienced the Korean War, the Vietnam War, the Cold War, and the first Gulf War. Discrimination can be based on age, religion, health, and other indicators; race-based laws against discrimination strive to address this set of social problems. This term was later used for communities where African Americans were segregated both legally and through social practices. A small geographic area that could not successfully be organized into one or more stable states because it was inhabited by many ethnicities with complex, long-standing antagonisms toward each other. Involuntary ethnic enclaves are largely the opposite of voluntary ethnic enclaves. It is a frontier that is not formally part of a state, but the United Kingdom claims the area. The social construction of race is also reflected in the way names for racial categories change with changing times. In the United States, anti-miscegenation laws flourished in the South during the Jim Crow era. This has happened many times in recent history including Bosnia-Herzegovina, Burma, Cambodia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Sudan, and now Syria. AP Human Geography: Unit 3 | Barron's Ethnic enclaves are technically voluntary, but similar communities have existed that were involuntarily segregated. Multiple layers of disadvantage intersect to create the way we experience race. In the late nineteenth century, it was not uncommon for business owners to hang signs that read, Help Wanted: No Irish Need Apply. Moreover, southern Jim Crow laws, with their Whites Only signs, exemplified overt discrimination that is not tolerated today. UExcel Cultural Diversity: Study Guide & Test Prep, Collective Responses to Dominance & Inequality, Psychological Research & Experimental Design, All Teacher Certification Test Prep Courses, What is an Ethnic Enclave? Otherwise, tap the red Don't know box. As of 2022, UExcel exams are no longer being offered. In your AP Human Geography class, you'll learn about the dynamics of societies around the world in economic, social, political, and environmental contexts. It is generally understood that the purpose of forming enclaves is for group protection. Segregation refers to the physical separation of two groups, particularly in residence, but also in the workplace and social functions. Also known as the Holocaust, the explicit goal of Hitlers Final Solution was the eradication of European Jewry, as well as the destruction of other minority groups such as Catholics, people with disabilities, and LGTBQ+ individuals. For the next five decades, blacks were subjected to legalized discrimination, forced to live, work, and go to school in separatebut unequalfacilities. Multiethnic State. Your email address is only used to allow you to reset your password. Genocide is a premeditated effort to kill everyone from a particular ethnic group. Maine? Look at the large card and try to recall what is on the other side. succeed. When consumption equals disposable income: a. the marginal propensity to consume is zero. Identity as member of a nation/state; Legal status (citizenship); Allegiance (loyalty) to a nation/state. On the evening of February 26, 2012, he was visiting with his father and his fathers fiance in the Sanford, Florida multi-ethnic gated community where his fathers fiance lived. Here is the AP Human Geography FRQ from the 2005 Exam with the Scoring Guidelines. According to Zimmerman, Martin attacked him, and in the ensuing scuffle Martin was shot and killed (CNN Library 2014). An error occurred trying to load this video. European settlers coerced American Indians off their lands, often causing thousands of deaths in forced removals, such as occurred in the Cherokee or Potawatomi Trail of Tears. Although a treaty was signed in 2011, the peace is fragile. The concept of the ghetto as a place of forced segregation is not something that has been lost in American history. In 1972, West Pakistan became the independent nation of Bangladesh. Erie's Public Schools / Erie's Public Schools | Erie Pennsylvania Expulsion has often occurred historically with an ethnic or racial basis. Consider the way slave owners justified slavery in the antebellum South, by suggesting that black people were fundamentally inferior to white and preferred slavery to freedom. follower of Menno Simons, early 16th cent reformer who rejected infant baptism, eucharistic presence, and church organiations, emphasized pacifism and nonresistance, The cuisine of a group of people having a common cultural heritage, as opposed to the cuisine of a group of people bound together by geography or political factors, World History and Geography: Modern Times. However, for the rest of the year, other aspects of their originating culture may be forgotten. A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country or ethnic group. The first is in Myanmar, where the Buddhist govrenment has been systematically driving out Muslim populations called Rohingya.
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