The two kept in contact even after Collins became a popular singer. Eso es precisamente lo que vivi en sus carnes Antonia Brico, la que fue la primera mujer que dirigi la Orquesta Filarmnica de Berln en la dcada de 1920. Although some grasped Brico's purpose, many did not, and invitations did not continue. Have you ever heard of Antonia Brico? Unbeknownst to her, she'll also become Antonia Brico. The New York Philharmonic archive department writes, Tickets [to Bricos debut] cost 50 cents and [stadium] crowds could grow to over 15,000.. is military terminology referring to "Government Issue" or "General Issue". In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. In it, Brico . It was during this time that she located her birth family and took back her birth name. Vol. This review contains mild spoilers for The Conductor. Suffering abuse by foster parents who never formally adopted her, Wilhelmina found solace at the piano, crying, Music doesnt hurt little girls. It wasnt until college that she knew the true story of her illegitimate birth to a Dutch teenager and Italian nightclub pianist by the name of Brico. /Film Rating: 9 out of 10, 'The Conductor' Review: A Wonderful Biopic About A Woman Who Deserves A Bigger Spotlight [Denver Film Festival]. Don't be ashamed if the answer to that question is "no". Genre: Biography, . In December, with support from friends in the Denver music community, she appeared as the guest conductor of the Denver Symphony Orchestra. I started the trend. isn't without allies. In January 1933 she made her New York debut as guest conductor of the Musicians Symphony Orchestra. United States 1926: The Dutch, 24-year-old Antonia Brico was a child when she and her parents immigrated to the United States. She led the orchestra for thirty-nine years; in 1967 it was renamed the Brico Symphony. Despite her talent and drive, Brico seemed to only have conducting opportunities during World War II when most men were serving. Antonia Brico dreams of becoming a conductor, but she isn't taken seriously because she is a woman.Antonia Brico dreams of becoming a conductor, but she isn't taken seriously because she is a woman.Antonia Brico dreams of becoming a conductor, but she isn't taken seriously because she is a woman. It also revitalized her career. [14] The book is a Junior Library Guild Gold Standard Selection. At the time, there were no professional female conductors in the United States, and all professional symphony musicians were men (except for the occasional harpist). Invitations to conduct in Detroit, Buffalo, Washington D.C., and California followed. Brico's story in The Conductor isn't without allies. Matt is a past executive committee member of the DPO Board and previous head of Marketing for the orchestra. She was consistently passed over in favor of male conductors. In July 1930, Brico had her American conducting debut with the Los Angeles Philharmonic before a sold-out audience at the Hollywood Bowl. Heres one sequence: Antonias young student practices the first movement of Schumanns piano concerto. The Conductor is her story. In January 1933 she made her New York debut as guest conductor of the Musicians Symphony Orchestra. She's the first American to graduate from the Berlin State Academy of Music, and the first woman to conduct the New York Philharmonic. By what name was The Conductor (2018) officially released in India in English? She returned to Europe, where she guest-conducted orchestras in Hamburg, Brussels, Vienna, Riva, and Dusseldorf before rising political tensions in Europe led her to return to the United States in 1932. In 1928, she coached at the Bayreuth Wagner Festival. He did not want to be directed by a woman (Gwizdalanka, 2001, pp. Brico moved from her native Netherlands to the United States with her parents in 1908 and settled in California. The short answer is that Brico is one of the most exceptional modern conductors of our time. crossing jericho brown analysis; who makes kirkland protein bars; fayette county court calendar "A woman who wanted to conduct a symphony orchestra. You believe in Brico's story, not just because it's the job of the film to make you, but because of the fiery portrayal by de Brujin. Brico's story is told beautifully not just through the depiction by de Brujin, or the screenplay written around the trailblazer's life. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Editor Godmilow, fortunately as sensitive to music as to film, gives the movie its flow. JUMP TO: Antonia Bricos biography, facts, family, personal life, zodiac, videos and related celebs. Bookmark this page and come back often for updates. She had lived at the Bella Vita Towers, a nursing home in Denver since 1988. It's also stunningly shot with a score that will make you fall in love with the music just as deeply as the conductor herself has. She led a program that included a symphony by Finnish composer Jean Sibelius, who had become one of her mentors. She is not dating anyone. The San Francisco Examiner described her as a phenomenon because of her mastery of the orchestra and as a symbol because she illustrated the emancipation of women from the man-imposed fetters of the ages. Nevertheless, few opportunities for conducting materialized in the United States. [7], History Colorado, formerly the Colorado Historical Society, holds a large collection of her personal papers. He agreed to take Brico on as a piano student. 3 and Wagners Overture to Die Meistersinger von Nrnberg. [Originally published in slightly different form in Movietone News 41, May 1975]. To say that Lorin Maazel's career is brilliant is an understatement: entering the conducting arena at the age of ei, https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/brico-antonia-1902-1989. He had inscribed to her with love, a copy of Stravinsky: His Life and Work, which is now in a private collection. She was famous for being a Composer. The first female composer to conduct the New York Philharmonic. This page is updated often with latest details about Antonia Brico. In 1923, Brico graduated with honors, then studied with Sigismund Stojowski for two years. Her choral teacher, Minnie Davis, became a strong influence and advocate. Minnie Guggenheimer , a leading musical figure in New York, was outraged that Brico was conducting and told her, "It's a disgrace for the New York Philharmonic and the only reason you're going to conduct this concert is that we got this petition." From her humble roots as an adopted immigrant, all the way to her journey to Berlin, Antonia is constantly told she can't do it. Brico remained determined to become a symphony conductor. Brico settled in Denver in 1942 and made her home here. She also founded (1948) the Denver Businessmens Orchestrarenamed the Brico Symphony Orchestra from 1968 to the mid-1980s; now the Denver Philharmonic Orchestrawhich she conducted until her retirement in 1985. Selected discography The Denver Businessmens Orchestra, an amateur symphony, named her its conductor in 1947. May 1975, pp. mp4 (800x336) [11 MB] <embed> Antonia Brico dreams of becoming a conductor, but she isn't taken seriously because she is a woman. Modeste Alloo had replaced Steindorf as the conducting professor at Berkeley, but he too told her that women did not have the stamina to become conductors. Antonia Brico was born in Netherlands. For centuries, prejudice against women musicians, particularly in European society, reflected the notion that music was a male domain. Si elle lui bat froid lors de cette premire rencontre qu'elle croit tre la dernire, elle cdera bientt l'attirance pour cet homme. Her life as a conductor really began in 1930. December 1974, pp. She also meets some complicated friends like Frank Thomsen (Benjamin Wainwright), but it's best to let their story play out on screen and not in this review. 568569. Toute sa vie, elle a d se battre pour se faire une place. Still not offered professional conducting jobs in the United States, Brico continued to travel to Europe to conduct throughout the 1940s and 1950s. We will update Antonia Brico's Height, weight, Body Measurements, Eye Color, Hair Color, Shoe & Dress size soon as possible. antonia brico y frank thompson. In 1974, Collins produced a film about her former teacher that was called Antonia: Portrait of the Woman. Her journey introduces her to a great many new people, including the immensely wealthy and attractive Frank Thompson, who is well-connected in the music world. Rosen, Majorie. In her blue and white frame house in Denver, sometimes over brunch, sometimes in the living room beside the piano and surrounded by mementoes of past greatness, she continues her story. Composer Jean Sibelius came to know Brico as a sixth daughter after she arrived at his home and proved her ability to conduct his work as he intended. A silly but endearing animated entracte invades the screen: The Great Kettledrum Contest of 1937, a grueling cartoon duel between a barrel-chested maestro and a demure young maestra. Antonia Brico was a pioneer in music, venturing where few women had gone before. Major William Frank Thompson (17 August 1920 - 10 June 1944) was a British officer who acted as a liaison between the British Army and the Bulgarian communist partisans during the Second World War . I simply wanted to conduct and I wanted to prove that women could play every single instrument." The answer is encouraging: Collins/Godmilows gentle but forceful film has already gotten her several guest-conducting engagements with some of the countrys finest symphony orchestras. When Antonia Brico died in 1989, her career had come full circle. While in New York, Brico had reestablished contact with her birth family in the Netherlands. Please check back soon for updates. Dutch-amercian conductor Antonia Brico leads the Mostly Mozart Festival Orchestra in this performance of Mozart's Overture to 'The Magic Flute'. Chinese Zodiac: Antonia Brico was born in the Year of the Rabbit. The heart of a woman, the soul of an artist. Talent, Brico discovered, was not part of the recipe for success. Antonia Louisa Brico (Rotterdam, June 26, 1902 - Denver, August 3, 1989) [1] was a Dutch-born conductor and pianist. Antonia Brico was born in 1900s. As the 20th century drew to a close, women still had to fight for equality in music. She formed the Musicians Symphony Orchestra, made up of out-of-work musicians, and conducted several performances at the Metropolitan Opera House. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. Her father was a traveling Italian musician. She dreams of becoming a conductor, but this is an ambition that no one takes seriously. During the five years she spent in Europe, Brico also studied with Siegfried Ochs, the choral conductor, and Karl Muck, conductor of the Hamburg Philharmonic. Davis took Brico to her first concert, where she was immediately enchanted by conducting and vowed to become a conductor herself. 1660 Sherman Street It just absorbed light and drew your attention right to her Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). Sinopsis Estados Unidos, 1926. The first female composer to conduct the New York Philharmonic. Leben. La cineasta holandesa Maria Peters. Born Antonia Louisa Brico to a Dutch Catholic unmarried mother[4][5] in Rotterdam, Netherlands, Brico was renamed Wilhelmina Wolthuis by her foster parents. Born in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, on June 26, 1902; died in Denver, Colorado, on August 3, 1989; attended University of California, at Berkeley; studied with Karl Muck and Sigismund Stojowski. However, the date of retrieval is often important. Conductor In 1942 she settled in Denver, Colorado, where she founded a Bach Society and the Womens String Ensemble. We wish the Denver Philharmonic many such nights from their newly dedicated stage.. In 1934, she founded the Womens Symphony Orchestra in New York to prove that women could play in every category. The successful orchestra garnered support from the likes of Eleanor Roosevelt. Antonia Brico: Is keeping quiet about something, the same as lying? When she enrolled at the University of CaliforniaBerkeley in 1919 to continue her piano studies with Steindorf, her foster parents severed their relationship with her. Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia. She was also hired by the Works Progress Administration (WPA) to conduct public concerts performed by out-of-work musicians in different communities. antonia brico y frank thompson why does wilbur soot have two spotify accounts. This appearance, however, proved to be her swan song in the conducting world. ." "Back then there were no women in symphony orchestras," said Brico. Independent of her abusive foster family, she supported herself with a variety of jobs, including teaching piano, waiting tables, and working at Woolworths. All, vive una joven Antonia Brico de 24 aos, enamorada de la msica y con la vocacin es la de ser directora de orquesta. In 195658 she was guest conductor of the Boise (Idaho) Civic Symphony, and she continued to appear as guest conductor with orchestras around the world, including the Japan Womens Symphony. 6. "I founded the New York Women's Symphony in 1934, at a time when the New York Philharmonic wouldn't employ a woman harpist, much less a woman conductor. Like many famous people and celebrities, Antonia Brico kept her personal life private. She dreams of becoming a conductor, but nobody takes her ambition seriously. [2], In July 1938, Brico was the first woman to conduct the New York Philharmonic, and in 1939 conducted the Federal Orchestra in concerts at the 1939 New York World's Fair. She studied piano, picked up violin and cello, and learned several foreign languages. Denver, CO 80203. The film revived Brico's career. Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. I'd rather die trying.". But the big New York managers shied away from me like a plague. Muck did not accept pupils, and Brico was the sole exception to this general rule. He is the co-founder and the creative director of Denver-based design. Ruling Planet: Antonia Brico had a ruling planet of Moon and has a ruling planet of Moon and by astrological associations Sunday is ruled by moon. Synopsis. Christanne de Bruijn, Benjamin Wainwright (A Quiet Passion), Scott Turner Schofield (The Bold and the Beautiful), Richard Sammel (Inglourious Basterds, Casino Royale), Seumas F. Sargent (Point Break), Sian Thomas (Harry Potter and the order of the phoenix, Perfume), James Sobal Kelly (Florence Foster Jenkins), Peter Basham (Skyfall, Inception). Company. And in 1948, she founded an orchestra in . She also worked as an assistant for the director of the San Francisco Opera. Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature, "Master teacher of cellists, and humble student of nature: oral history transcript / and related material, 1982-1984", "Antonia Brico, 87, a Conductor; Fought Barriers to Women in 30's", "Musical milestone: Boulder Philharmonic celebrates 50 years", Colorado Women's Hall of Fame, Antonia Brico, "Maria Peters: De Dirigent komt echt uit mijn tenen", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antonia_Brico&oldid=1151351609, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. She said that she was born 50 years too early. A special deluxe edition of the 1974 Oscar nominated documentary film about the first female conductor to conduct major orchestras in the US and Europe, Antonia Brico!A special deluxe edition of the 1974 Oscar nominated documentary film about the first female conductor to conduct major orchestras in the US and Europe, Antonia Brico!A special deluxe edition of the 1974 Oscar nominated documentary film about the first female conductor to conduct major orchestras in the US and Europe, Antonia Brico! In 1974 a documentary film about her life titled Antonia: A Portrait of a Woman, made by Jill Godmilow and Bricos former student, folksinger Judy Collins, led to invitations to conduct at Lincoln Center in New York City, at the Kennedy Center in Washington, D.C., and elsewhere. The orchestras name later was changed to the Brico Symphony in the 1960s, Centennial Philharmonic in the 1990s and finally you guessed it the Denver Philharmonic in 2004. In 1940, while conducting WPA concerts across the United States, Brico made a stop in Denver. This page was last edited on 23 April 2023, at 13:55. As is the case with any sort of. Encyclopedia.com. By what name was Antonia: A Portrait of the Woman (1974) officially released in Canada in English? follows her journey to become a female conductor in an age where such a thing isn't really "allowed". [11], Brico died in 1989 after a long illness at the age of 87. Only slightly daunted, Bricos next claim to fame was the founding of the Brico Symphony Orchestra, the all-women enterprise that made headlines for a couple of years and sparked a raging, publicity-studded controversy between Brico and Jose Iturbi on the relative competence of men and women musicians. In 1927, she entered the master class of conducting at Germany's Berlin State Academy of Music, which was taught by Julius Prwer, conductor of the Berlin Philharmonic. In 1942 she moved to Denver, where she may have thought she would be offered the Denver Symphony conducting job after Horace Turemans retirement. Thank you for being part of our history on September 30as we honor Brico and inaugurate the Antonia Brico Stage at Central Presbyterian Church! Directors Judy Collins Jill Godmilow Stars Antonia Brico Judy Collins Brico wuchs bei Pflegeeltern auf, mit denen sie im Alter von sechs Jahren nach Oakland/Kalifornien kam. To support herself, she performed regularly as a soloist and accompanist for local concerts and on radio broadcasts. The New York Times reported: Miss Antonia Brico of San Francisco, made a successful debut tonight in Berlin with the Philharmonic Orchestra, which followed her baton most enthusiastically, eliciting thunderous applause.. [7] During an extensive European tour, in which she appeared both as a pianist and a conductor, Brico was invited by Jean Sibelius to conduct the Helsinki Symphony Orchestra. She founded the Women's String Ensemble in Denver, Colorado, after settling there in 1942. When is Antonia Bricos birthday? Aug. 5, 1989 12 AM PT. "I was a novelty at first," Brico explained. "Antonia Brico, 87, a Conductor; Fought Barriers to Women in the 30's," in The New York Times Biographical Service. Antonia: Portrait of the Woman thus marks the angers and joys of this remarkable womans career. She studied composition at the University of California, Berkeley. Brico started studying at Berkeley and had the opportunity to become the assistant to Paul Steindorff, who conducted the San Francisco Opera as well as a choral group. By high school, she was an accomplished pianist. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. Paul Steindorf, a famous pianist and conductor, was conducting that day. The story moves from cold to warm and soft to sharp with deft precision, and it makes you fall in love with the likes of Brico and her friends almost effortlessly. Time and time again she's told to remember her place. Remembered for her pioneering spirit, talent, determination, and early feminism, she blazed a path for women in the field of symphony conducting. The Moon represents one's nurturing and emotional instinct. She decided to become a conductor at a time when this idea was unthinkable for a woman. Brico, Antonia (1902-1989)Dutch-born American conductor, pianist, and musical pioneer who was the first woman to conduct the Berlin Philharmonic and the New York Philharmonic, as well as many major European and American orchestras, and founded the New York Women's Symphony. Many people, even those with degrees in musical fields, have no idea who she is. People who are born with Moon as the ruling planet are sensitive, nurturing, and usually have fluctuating moods. Because she has little to lose, she returns to her motherland, where she begs the famous conductor Mengelberg to teach her conducting lessons. In 1934 she agreed to become conductor of the new Womens Symphony Orchestra, which presented two concerts in New York in early 1935 and then performed full concert seasons annually until 1942. She doesn't boast her talent but reverberates with her passion for wanting to conduct an orchestra. At Lewisohn Stadium in July 1938 she was the first woman to conduct the New York Philharmonic, and in 1939 she conducted the Federal Orchestra in concerts at the New York Worlds Fair. When she says that one day in the Thirties she was directing an ensemble of nine women and realized why not ninety? the thin sound of the amateur violins dissolves into the original recording of the symphony as played by her first orchestra. She was featured in a documentary called Antonia: A Portrait of a Woman from 1974. Music fills the film everywhere: Rachmaninoff, Schumann, Bach, even After Youve Gone and Whispering. Appropriately, its all Antonias (except for Schweitzers Bach), whether from old records in her livingroom or the new Brico Orchestras concert. Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia. Her international conducting career, however, was at an end. Back in the United States, despite resistance on the part of the male-dominated musical establishment, Antonia recounts how she managed to conduct two concerts in New York. One of a group of Hungarian-born orchestral conductors who shaped American musical life in the decades on either side of World War II,, Zubin Mehta A Rocky Mountain Production. Antonia Brico was born in the Year of the Tiger. The two shared a love of Bachs music, and she detoured home from an engagement in Europe to visit Schweitzer in Africa in 1950. In 1946 she made an extensive European tour in which she appeared as both a pianist and a conductor. waterbury republican obituaries past 30 days antonia brico y frank thompson. . Judy Collins and Jill Godmilow, dirs., Antonia: A Portrait of the Woman (Momentum Pictures, 1974). Editing: Jill Godmilow. Times Staff Writer. Nestled within the film is an unexpected trans storyline that is handled with grace and without pomp and circumstance. Brico retired in 1985 and passed away in 1989. Enamored with the city and its climate, for the next 27 years she led the Denver Businessman's Orchestra, which was renamed the Brico Symphony in her honor in the late 1960s. This recordi. She's reminded that "women can't lead", or that "women go on the bottom where they belong". Antonias education details are not available at this time. A complex work, this documentary was a balanced portrayal of Brico's lifeof her optimism and despair. Written and directed by Maria Peters, the film 'The Conductor' is based on the true story of the Dutch born Antonia Brico. Appearances as guest conductor of the Musicians' Symphony Orchestra in Detroit, Washington, D.C. and other sites soon followed. As a young man he w, Ormandy, Eugene [7], A documentary film about Brico's life, entitled Antonia: A Portrait of the Woman, by director Jill Godmilow, with help from Brico's former student Judy Collins, appeared in 1974. The film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature and its popularity was partially responsible for invitations for Brico to conduct the Mostly Mozart Festival Orchestra in sold-out concerts recorded by Columbia Records in 1975, and the Brooklyn Philharmonia in 1977. She also meets some complicated friends like Frank Thomsen (Benjamin Wainwright), but it's best to let their story play out on screen and not in this review. [2] Brico continued to appear as guest conductor with orchestras around the world, including the Japan Women's Symphony. Her innate abilities were quickly apparent to the teacher, and Brico began a lifelong struggle to prove that women were as musically gifted as men. What choice will Antonia make? The public was infatuated with these pioneers who often appeared in newspapers, magazines, on radio, and in movie news clips. . Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia. I do not call myself a woman conductor. With that in mind, it's never done in a way that does Brico or her counterparts any disservice. Under her new name Antonia Brico, Willy sets off from Amsterdam to Berlin and eventually New York. Antonia Brico was a Cancer and was born in the G.I. Guest appearances in Detroit, Michigan, in Buffalo, New York, in Washington, D.C., and elsewhere followed. Her conducting skills were again praised in the New York Times. Children's picture book 'In One Ear And Out The Other: Antonia Brico And Her Amazingly Musical Life' by Diane Worthey and illustrated by Morgana Wallace was published by Penny Candy Books in 2020. Brico thrived in college. Henahan, Donal. Eighty-seven-year-old Brico - for decades the only woman conductor in the world to be taken seriously - suffered spiritual death when she was forced from the podium several years ago by the very orchestra that had borne her name for two decades.Her physical demise merely completes the . Antonia Brico, (born June 26, 1902, Rotterdam, Netherlandsdied August 3, 1989, Denver, Colorado, U.S.), Dutch-born American conductor and pianist, the first woman to gain wide recognition and acceptance as a leader of world-class symphony orchestras. More rave reviews. Arthur Judson, who managed most of the leading American conductors, told her that women subscribers would not stand for a woman conductor, and there was some truth to this allegation. In 1925 Brico returned to Berkeley as a graduate student. Generation. Dean Dixon was the first major African-American orchestral conductor in American classical music. Even Steindorf scoffed at her ambition, saying, it would never work because no one wants a woman conductor. Nonetheless, she persisted and managed to get herself admitted as the only woman in a master class in conducting led by famous conductor and pianist Sigismund Stojowski. Denver Philharmonic Board Member Eleanor Glover even recalls how Brico transported autographed photos of Schweitzer and Sibelius for one another between Africa and Finland. The public was more accepting of a woman on the conductor's podium. Mengelberg is not comfortable with the idea and sends her to Berlin where she, against all expectations, has a better chance as a woman to make it.After a two-year study at the State Academy of Music she becomes the first woman to conduct the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra. The movie is always very clearly about Brico, and I wouldn't go so far as to say this arc steals the film, but it is an incredibly welcome addition in a story that discusses the ridiculous lines placed between men and woman and what one or the other might be capable of. The musical world, however, was still dominated by men, and at the time of Brico's death no woman had been made the permanent conductor of a major symphony orchestra. A rehearsal and a concert with her amateur Brico Symphony in Denver shows how their respectful goodwill and Antonias fine sense of musical shapingand sheer patiencealmost compensates for problems of intonation, resonance, and general professionalism. Brico's career was clearly on the upswing, as America loved its "symphonic suffragette.". Following her graduation in 1923 she studied piano under a variety of teachers, most notably under Zygmunt Stojowski. In 1986 she was inducted into the Colorado Womens Hall of Fame. Au lieu d'un gant, c'est la baguette improvise qu'Antonia Brico, surprise en flagrant dlit, laisse tomber et que le gentilhomme, Frank, ramasse et lui redonne. by dwiitavita . Antonia Brico dreams of becoming a conductor, but she isn't taken seriously because she is a woman. She began taking piano at age ten because a doctor felt it would help her to stop biting her nails. Emotional strain threatens to overwhelm her, when the love of her life puts her in a difficult position. [12], Dutch director Maria Peters' movie De Dirigent ('The Conductor') about the life of Brico, starring Christanne de Bruijn as Antonia Brico, was released in 2018.[13]. Antonia Brico, the real heroine who inspired the film The Conductor. She founded the Womens String Ensemble in Denver, Colorado, after settling there in 1942. After graduating from Berkeley in 1923, Brico went to New York City to study piano with Stojowski. On January 10, 1930, Brico made her European conducting debut as the first woman to conduct the Berlin Philharmonic. Now in her 70s, Brico was rediscovered and so many offers flooded in that it required two managers to schedule concerts. After a brief return to the United States, she went to Berlin in 1927 to audition for the conducting school with Karl Muck, the famous head of the program. Retrieved April 27, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/brico-antonia-1902-1989. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates.
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